Performing compliance operations using cognitive blockchains

ABSTRACT

A method, system and computer-usable medium for cognitive information processing comprising: receiving data from a plurality of data sources, the plurality of data sources comprising a blockchain data source, the blockchain data source providing blockchain data; processing the blockchain data to generate a plurality of knowledge elements; processing the blockchain data to generate cognitive blockchain data; storing the plurality of knowledge elements and the cognitive blockchain data within a cognitive graph; and, processing the plurality of knowledge elements to generate a cognitive insight associated with a compliance requirement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to the field of computers andsimilar technologies, and in particular to software utilized in thisfield. Still more particularly, it relates to a method, system andcomputer-usable medium for performing cognitive inference and learningoperations.

Description of the Related Art

In general, “big data” refers to a collection of datasets so large andcomplex that they become difficult to process using typical databasemanagement tools and traditional data processing approaches. Thesedatasets can originate from a wide variety of sources, includingcomputer systems, mobile devices, credit card transactions, televisionbroadcasts, and medical equipment, as well as infrastructures associatedwith cities, sensor-equipped buildings and factories, and transportationsystems. Challenges commonly associated with big data, which may be acombination of structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data,include its capture, curation, storage, search, sharing, analysis andvisualization. In combination, these challenges make it difficult toefficiently process large quantities of data within tolerable timeintervals.

Nonetheless, big data analytics hold the promise of extracting insightsby uncovering difficult-to-discover patterns and connections, as well asproviding assistance in making complex decisions by analyzing differentand potentially conflicting options. As such, individuals andorganizations alike can be provided new opportunities to innovate,compete, and capture value.

One aspect of big data is “dark data,” which generally refers to datathat is either not collected, neglected, or underutilized. Examples ofdata that is not currently being collected includes location data priorto the emergence of companies such as Foursquare or social data prior tothe advent companies such as Facebook. An example of data that is beingcollected, but is difficult to access at the right time and place,includes data associated with the side effects of certain spider biteswhile on a camping trip. As another example, data that is collected andavailable, but has not yet been productized of fully utilized, mayinclude disease insights from population-wide healthcare records andsocial media feeds. As a result, a case can be made that dark data mayin fact be of higher value than big data in general, especially as itcan likely provide actionable insights when it is combined withreadily-available data.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for cognitiveinformation processing comprising: receiving data from a plurality ofdata sources, the plurality of data sources comprising a blockchain datasource, the blockchain data source providing blockchain data; processingthe blockchain data to generate a plurality of knowledge elements;processing the blockchain data to generate cognitive blockchain data;storing the plurality of knowledge elements and the cognitive blockchaindata within a cognitive graph; and, processing the plurality ofknowledge elements to generate a cognitive insight associated with acompliance requirement.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention may be better understood, and its numerousobjects, features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in theart by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the samereference number throughout the several figures designates a like orsimilar element.

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary client computer in which the presentinvention may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a cognitive inference andlearning system (CILS);

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a CILS reference modelimplemented in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 4a through 4c depict additional components of the CILS referencemodel shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a simplified process diagram of CILS operations;

FIG. 6 depicts the lifecycle of CILS agents implemented to perform CILSoperations;

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of the use of a blockchain by aCILS to perform blockchain-associated cognitive insight and learningoperations;

FIG. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a blockchain transactionimplemented to deliver a blockchain-associated cognitive insight;

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a plurality of cognitiveplatforms implemented in a hybrid cloud environment;

FIG. 10 depicts a cognitive learning framework;

FIGS. 11a and 11b are a simplified block diagram of a CILS used tomanage the performance of blockchain-associated cognitive learningoperations throughout their lifecycle; and

FIGS. 12a and 12b are a simplified process flow diagram showing thegeneration of blockchain-associated cognitive insights by a CILS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method, system and computer-usable medium are disclosed for cognitiveinference and learning operations. The present invention may be asystem, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computerprogram product may include a computer readable storage medium (ormedia) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causinga processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

FIG. 1 is a generalized illustration of an information processing system100 that can be used to implement the system and method of the presentinvention. The information processing system 100 includes a processor(e.g., central processor unit or “CPU”) 102, input/output (I/O) devices104, such as a display, a keyboard, a mouse, and associated controllers,a hard drive or disk storage 106, and various other subsystems 108. Invarious embodiments, the information processing system 100 also includesnetwork port 110 operable to connect to a network 140, which is likewiseaccessible by a service provider server 142. The information processingsystem 100 likewise includes system memory 112, which is interconnectedto the foregoing via one or more buses 114. System memory 112 furthercomprises operating system (OS) 116 and in various embodiments may alsocomprise cognitive inference and learning system (CILS) 118. In oneembodiment, the information processing system 100 is able to downloadthe CILS 118 from the service provider server 142. In anotherembodiment, the CILS 118 is provided as a service from the serviceprovider server 142.

In various embodiments, the CILS 118 is implemented to perform variouscognitive computing operations described in greater detail herein. Asused herein, cognitive computing broadly refers to a class of computinginvolving self-learning systems that use techniques such as spatialnavigation, machine vision, and pattern recognition to increasinglymimic the way the human brain works. To be more specific, earlierapproaches to computing typically solved problems by executing a set ofinstructions codified within software. In contrast, cognitive computingapproaches are data-driven, sense-making, insight-extracting,problem-solving systems that have more in common with the structure ofthe human brain than with the architecture of contemporary,instruction-driven computers.

To further differentiate these distinctions, traditional computers mustfirst be programmed by humans to perform specific tasks, while cognitivesystems learn from their interactions with data and humans alike, and ina sense, program themselves to perform new tasks. To summarize thedifference between the two, traditional computers are designed tocalculate rapidly. Cognitive systems are designed to quickly drawinferences from data and gain new knowledge.

Cognitive systems achieve these abilities by combining various aspectsof artificial intelligence, natural language processing, dynamiclearning, and hypothesis generation to render vast quantities ofintelligible data to assist humans in making better decisions. As such,cognitive systems can be characterized as having the ability to interactnaturally with people to extend what either humans, or machines, coulddo on their own. Furthermore, they are typically able to process naturallanguage, multi-structured data, and experience much in the same way ashumans. Moreover, they are also typically able to learn a knowledgedomain based upon the best available data and get better, and moreimmersive, over time.

It will be appreciated that more data is currently being produced everyday than was recently produced by human beings from the beginning ofrecorded time. Deep within this ever-growing mass of data is a class ofdata known as “dark data,” which includes neglected information, ambientsignals, and insights that can assist organizations and individuals inaugmenting their intelligence and deliver actionable insights throughthe implementation of cognitive applications. As used herein, cognitiveapplications, or “cognitive apps,” broadly refer to cloud-based, bigdata interpretive applications that learn from user engagement and datainteractions. Such cognitive applications extract patterns and insightsfrom dark data sources that are currently almost completely opaque.Examples of such dark data include disease insights from population-widehealthcare records and social media feeds, or from new sources ofinformation, such as sensors monitoring pollution in delicate marineenvironments.

Over time, it is anticipated that cognitive applications willfundamentally change the ways in which many organizations operate asthey invert current issues associated with data volume and variety toenable a smart, interactive data supply chain. Ultimately, cognitiveapplications hold the promise of receiving a user query and immediatelyproviding a data-driven answer from a masked data supply chain inresponse. As they evolve, it is likewise anticipated that cognitiveapplications may enable a new class of “sixth sense” applications thatintelligently detect and learn from relevant data and events to offerinsights, predictions and advice rather than wait for commands. Just asweb and mobile applications changed the way people access data,cognitive applications may change the way people listen to, and becomeempowered by, multi-structured data such as emails, social media feeds,doctors notes, transaction records, and call logs.

However, the evolution of such cognitive applications has associatedchallenges, such as how to detect events, ideas, images, and othercontent that may be of interest. For example, assuming that the role andpreferences of a given user are known, how is the most relevantinformation discovered, prioritized, and summarized from large streamsof multi-structured data such as news feeds, blogs, social media,structured data, and various knowledge bases? To further the example,what can a healthcare executive be told about their competitor's marketshare? Other challenges include the creation of acontextually-appropriate visual summary of responses to questions orqueries.

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a cognitive inference andlearning system (CILS) implemented in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention. In various embodiments, the CILS 118 is implemented toincorporate a variety of processes, including semantic analysis 202,goal optimization 204, collaborative filtering 206, common sensereasoning 208, natural language processing 210, summarization 212,temporal/spatial reasoning 214, and entity resolution 216 to generatecognitive insights.

As used herein, semantic analysis 202 broadly refers to performingvarious analysis operations to achieve a semantic level of understandingabout language by relating syntactic structures. In various embodiments,various syntactic structures are related from the levels of phrases,clauses, sentences and paragraphs, to the level of the body of contentas a whole, and to its language-independent meaning. In certainembodiments, the semantic analysis 202 process includes processing atarget sentence to parse it into its individual parts of speech, tagsentence elements that are related to predetermined items of interest,identify dependencies between individual words, and perform co-referenceresolution. For example, if a sentence states that the author reallylikes the hamburgers served by a particular restaurant, then the name ofthe “particular restaurant” is co-referenced to “hamburgers.”

As likewise used herein, goal optimization 204 broadly refers toperforming multi-criteria decision making operations to achieve a givengoal or target objective. In various embodiments, one or more goaloptimization 204 processes are implemented by the CILS 118 to definepredetermined goals, which in turn contribute to the generation of acognitive insight. For example, goals for planning a vacation trip mayinclude low cost (e.g., transportation and accommodations), location(e.g., by the beach), and speed (e.g., short travel time). In thisexample, it will be appreciated that certain goals may be in conflictwith another. As a result, a cognitive insight provided by the CILS 118to a traveler may indicate that hotel accommodations by a beach may costmore than they care to spend.

Collaborative filtering 206, as used herein, broadly refers to theprocess of filtering for information or patterns through thecollaborative involvement of multiple agents, viewpoints, data sources,and so forth. The application of such collaborative filtering 206processes typically involves very large and different kinds of datasets, including sensing and monitoring data, financial data, and userdata of various kinds. Collaborative filtering 206 may also refer to theprocess of making automatic predictions associated with predeterminedinterests of a user by collecting preferences or other information frommany users. For example, if person ‘A’ has the same opinion as a person‘B’ for a given issue ‘x’, then an assertion can be made that person ‘A’is more likely to have the same opinion as person ‘B’ opinion on adifferent issue ‘y’ than to have the same opinion on issue ‘y’ as arandomly chosen person. In various embodiments, the collaborativefiltering 206 process is implemented with various recommendation enginesfamiliar to those of skill in the art to make recommendations.

As used herein, common sense reasoning 208 broadly refers to simulatingthe human ability to make deductions from common facts they inherentlyknow. Such deductions may be made from inherent knowledge about thephysical properties, purpose, intentions and possible behavior ofordinary things, such as people, animals, objects, devices, and so on.In various embodiments, common sense reasoning 208 processes areimplemented to assist the CILS 118 in understanding and disambiguatingwords within a predetermined context. In certain embodiments, the commonsense reasoning 208 processes are implemented to allow the CILS 118 togenerate text or phrases related to a target word or phrase to performdeeper searches for the same terms. It will be appreciated that if thecontext of a word is better understood, then a common senseunderstanding of the word can then be used to assist in finding betteror more accurate information. In certain embodiments, this better ormore accurate understanding of the context of a word, and its relatedinformation, allows the CILS 118 to make more accurate deductions, whichare in turn used to generate cognitive insights.

As likewise used herein, natural language processing (NLP) 210 broadlyrefers to interactions with a system, such as the CILS 118, through theuse of human, or natural, languages. In various embodiments, various NLP210 processes are implemented by the CILS 118 to achieve naturallanguage understanding, which enables it to not only derive meaning fromhuman or natural language input, but to also generate natural languageoutput.

Summarization 212, as used herein, broadly refers to processing a set ofinformation, organizing and ranking it, and then generating acorresponding summary. As an example, a news article may be processed toidentify its primary topic and associated observations, which are thenextracted, ranked, and then presented to the user. As another example,page ranking operations may be performed on the same news article toidentify individual sentences, rank them, order them, and determinewhich of the sentences are most impactful in describing the article andits content. As yet another example, a structured data record, such as apatient's electronic medical record (EMR), may be processed using thesummarization 212 process to generate sentences and phrases thatdescribes the content of the EMR. In various embodiments, varioussummarization 212 processes are implemented by the CILS 118 to generatesummarizations of content streams, which are in turn used to generatecognitive insights.

As used herein, temporal/spatial reasoning 214 broadly refers toreasoning based upon qualitative abstractions of temporal and spatialaspects of common sense knowledge, described in greater detail herein.For example, it is not uncommon for a predetermined set of data tochange over time. Likewise, other attributes, such as its associatedmetadata, may likewise change over time. As a result, these changes mayaffect the context of the data. To further the example, the context ofasking someone what they believe they should be doing at 3:00 in theafternoon during the workday while they are at work may be quitedifferent than asking the same user the same question at 3:00 on aSunday afternoon when they are at home. In various embodiments, varioustemporal/spatial reasoning 214 processes are implemented by the CILS 118to determine the context of queries, and associated data, which are inturn used to generate cognitive insights.

As likewise used herein, entity resolution 216 broadly refers to theprocess of finding elements in a set of data that refer to the sameentity across different data sources (e.g., structured, non-structured,streams, devices, etc.), where the target entity does not share a commonidentifier. In various embodiments, the entity resolution 216 process isimplemented by the CILS 118 to identify significant nouns, adjectives,phrases or sentence elements that represent various predeterminedentities within one or more domains. From the foregoing, it will beappreciated that the implementation of one or more of the semanticanalysis 202, goal optimization 204, collaborative filtering 206, commonsense reasoning 208, natural language processing 210, summarization 212,temporal/spatial reasoning 214, and entity resolution 216 processes bythe CILS 118 can facilitate the generation of a semantic, cognitivemodel.

In various embodiments, the CILS 118 receives ambient signals 220,curated data 222, transaction data 224, and learned knowledge 226, whichis then processed by the CILS 118 to generate one or more cognitivegraphs 228. In turn, the one or more cognitive graphs 228 are furtherused by the CILS 118 to generate cognitive insight streams 230, whichare then delivered to one or more destinations 232, as described ingreater detail herein. As used herein, ambient signals 220 broadly referto input signals, or other data streams, that may contain data providingadditional insight or context to the curated data 222, transaction data224, and learned knowledge 226 received by the CILS 118. For example,ambient signals may allow the CILS 118 to understand that a user iscurrently using their mobile device, at location ‘x’, at time ‘y’, doingactivity ‘z’. To continue the example, there is a difference between theuser using their mobile device while they are on an airplane versususing their mobile device after landing at an airport and walkingbetween one terminal and another.

To extend the example, ambient signals may add additional context, suchas the user is in the middle of a three leg trip and has two hoursbefore their next flight. Further, they may be in terminal A1, but theirnext flight is out of C1, it is lunchtime, and they want to know thebest place to eat. Given the available time the user has, their currentlocation, restaurants that are proximate to their predicted route, andother factors such as food preferences, the CILS 118 can perform variouscognitive operations and provide a cognitive insight that includes arecommendation for where the user can eat.

To extend the example even further, the user may receive a notificationwhile they are eating lunch at a recommended restaurant that their nextflight has been canceled due to the previously-scheduled aircraft beinggrounded. As a result, the user may receive two cognitive insightssuggesting alternative flights on other carriers. The first cognitiveinsight is related to a flight that leaves within a half hour. Thesecond cognitive insight is blockchain-associated and related to asecond flight that leaves in an hour but requires immediate booking andpayment of additional fees. Knowing that they would be unable to makethe first flight in time, the user elects to use theblockchain-associated cognitive insight, as described in greater detailherein, to not only automatically book the flight, but to also pay theadditional fees through the use of a digital currency transaction.

In various embodiments, the curated data 222 may include structured,unstructured, social, public, private, streaming, device or other typesof data described in greater detail herein. In certain embodiments, thetransaction data 224 may include blockchain-associated data, describedin greater detail herein, smart contract data, likewise described ingreater detail herein, or any combination thereof. In variousembodiments, the transaction data 224 may likewise include credit ordebit card transaction data, financial services data of all kinds (e.g.,mortgages, insurance policies, stock transfers, etc.), purchase orderdata, invoice data, shipping data, receipt data, or any combinationthereof. Skilled practitioners of the art will realize that many suchexamples of transaction data 224 are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention. In certain embodiments, the learned knowledge 226 is basedupon past observations and feedback from the presentation of priorcognitive insight streams and recommendations. In various embodiments,the learned knowledge 226 is provided via a feedback look that providesthe learned knowledge 226 in the form of a learning stream of data.

As likewise used herein, a cognitive graph 228 refers to arepresentation of expert knowledge, associated with individuals andgroups over a period of time, to depict relationships between people,places, and things using words, ideas, audio and images. As such, it isa machine-readable formalism for knowledge representation that providesa common framework allowing data and knowledge to be shared and reusedacross user, application, organization, and community boundaries.

In various embodiments, the information contained in, and referenced by,a cognitive graph 228 is derived from many sources (e.g., public,private, social, device), such as curated data 222 and transaction data224. In certain of these embodiments, the cognitive graph 228 assists inthe identification and organization of information associated with howpeople, places and things are related to one other. In variousembodiments, the cognitive graph 228 enables automated agents, describedin greater detail herein, to access the Web more intelligently,enumerate inferences through utilization of curated, structured data222, and provide answers to questions by serving as a computationalknowledge engine.

In certain embodiments, the cognitive graph 228 not only elicits andmaps expert knowledge by deriving associations from data, it alsorenders higher level insights and accounts for knowledge creationthrough collaborative knowledge modeling. In various embodiments, thecognitive graph 228 is a machine-readable, declarative memory systemthat stores and learns both episodic memory (e.g., specific personalexperiences associated with an individual or entity), and semanticmemory, which stores factual information (e.g., geo location of anairport or restaurant).

For example, the cognitive graph 228 may know that a given airport is aplace, and that there is a list of related places such as hotels,restaurants and departure gates. Furthermore, the cognitive graph 228may know that people such as business travelers, families and collegestudents use the airport to board flights from various carriers, eat atvarious restaurants, or shop at certain retail stores. The cognitivegraph 228 may also have knowledge about the key attributes from variousretail rating sites that travelers have used to describe the food andtheir experience at various venues in the airport over the past sixmonths.

In certain embodiments, the cognitive insight stream 230 isbidirectional, and supports flows of information both to and fromdestinations 232. In these embodiments, the first flow is generated inresponse to receiving a query, and subsequently delivered to one or moredestinations 232. The second flow is generated in response to detectinginformation about a user of one or more of the destinations 232. Suchuse results in the provision of information to the CILS 118. Inresponse, the CILS 118 processes that information, in the context ofwhat it knows about the user, and provides additional information to theuser, such as a recommendation. In various embodiments, the cognitiveinsight stream 230 is configured to be provided in a “push” streamconfiguration familiar to those of skill in the art. In certainembodiments, the cognitive insight stream 230 is implemented to usenatural language approaches familiar to skilled practitioners of the artto support interactions with a user.

In various embodiments, the cognitive insight stream 230 may include astream of visualized insights. As used herein, visualized insightsbroadly refers to cognitive insights that are presented in a visualmanner, such as a map, an infographic, images, and so forth. In certainembodiments, these visualized insights may include various cognitiveinsights, such as “What happened?”, “What do I know about it?”, “What islikely to happen next?”, or “What should I do about it?” In theseembodiments, the cognitive insight stream is generated by variouscognitive agents, which are applied to various sources, datasets, andcognitive graphs. As used herein, a cognitive agent broadly refers to acomputer program that performs a task with minimum specific directionsfrom users and learns from each interaction with data and human users.

In various embodiments, the CILS 118 delivers Cognition as a Service(CaaS). As such, it provides a cloud-based development and executionplatform that allow various cognitive applications and services tofunction more intelligently and intuitively. In certain embodiments,cognitive applications powered by the CILS 118 are able to think andinteract with users as intelligent virtual assistants. As a result,users are able to interact with such cognitive applications by askingthem questions and giving them commands. In response, these cognitiveapplications will be able to assist the user in completing tasks andmanaging their work more efficiently.

In these and other embodiments, the CILS 118 can operate as an analyticsplatform to process big data, and dark data as well, to provide dataanalytics through a public, private or hybrid cloud environment. As usedherein, cloud analytics broadly refers to a service model wherein datasources, data models, processing applications, computing power, analyticmodels, and sharing or storage of results are implemented within a cloudenvironment to perform one or more aspects of analytics.

In various embodiments, users submit queries and computation requests ina natural language format to the CILS 118. In response, they areprovided with a ranked list of relevant answers and aggregatedinformation with useful links and pertinent visualizations through agraphical representation. In these embodiments, the cognitive graph 228generates semantic and temporal maps to reflect the organization ofunstructured data and to facilitate meaningful learning from potentiallymillions of lines of text, much in the same way as arbitrary syllablesstrung together create meaning through the concept of language.

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a cognitive inference andlearning system (CILS) reference model implemented in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the CILS referencemodel is associated with the CILS 118 shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG.3, the CILS reference model includes client applications 302,application accelerators 306, a cognitive platform 310, and cloudinfrastructure 340. In various embodiments, the client applications 302include cognitive applications 304, which are implemented to understandand adapt to the user, not the other way around, by natively acceptingand understanding human forms of communication, such as natural languagetext, audio, images, video, and so forth.

In these and other embodiments, the cognitive applications 304 possesssituational and temporal awareness based upon ambient signals from usersand data, which facilitates understanding the user's intent, content,context and meaning to drive goal-driven dialogs and outcomes. Further,they are designed to gain knowledge over time from a wide variety ofstructured, non-structured, transactional and device data sources,continuously interpreting and autonomously reprogramming themselves tobetter understand a given domain. As such, they are well-suited tosupport human decision making, by proactively providing trusted advice,offers and recommendations while respecting user privacy andpermissions.

In various embodiments, the application accelerators 306 include acognitive application framework 308. In certain embodiments, theapplication accelerators 306 and the cognitive application framework 308support various plug-ins and components that facilitate the creation ofclient applications 302 and cognitive applications 304. In variousembodiments, the application accelerators 306 include widgets, userinterface (UI) components, reports, charts, and back-end integrationcomponents familiar to those of skill in the art.

As likewise shown in FIG. 3, the cognitive platform 310 includes amanagement console 312, a development environment 314, applicationprogram interfaces (APIs) 316, sourcing agents 318, a cognitive engine320, destination agents 336, platform data 338, and blockchain data 339,all of which are described in greater detail herein. In variousembodiments, the management console 312 is implemented to manageaccounts and projects, along with user-specific metadata that is used todrive processes and operations within the cognitive platform 310 for apredetermined project.

In certain embodiments, the development environment 314 is implementedto create custom extensions to the CILS 118 shown in FIG. 2. In variousembodiments, the development environment 314 is implemented for thedevelopment of a custom application, which may subsequently be deployedin a public, private or hybrid cloud environment. As an example, thecustom application may be configured to receive and process a blockchaintransaction. In certain embodiments, the receipt and processing of ablockchain transaction results in the generation of blockchain data 339.In various embodiments, the blockchain data is used to providevisibility into various transactions used for the generation of ablock-chain associated cognitive insight. As an example, individualblockchain transactions used to generate a particularblockchain-associated cognitive insight may be provided to a user, indetail or summary form, as evidence of the basis for the generation ofthe blockchain-associated cognitive insight.

In various embodiments, the custom application may be configured togenerate a smart contract, described in greater detail herein. Incertain embodiments, the generation of a smart contract may beassociated with the generation of a blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight, likewise described in greater detail herein. In variousembodiments, the development environment 314 is implemented for thedevelopment of a custom sourcing agent, a custom bridging agent, acustom destination agent, or various analytics applications orextensions.

In certain embodiments, the APIs 316 are implemented to build and managecertain cognitive applications 304, described in greater detail herein,which are then executed on the cognitive platform 310 to generatecognitive insights. Likewise, the sourcing agents 318 are implemented invarious embodiments to source a variety of multi-site, multi-structuredsource streams of data described in greater detail herein. In variousembodiments, the cognitive engine 320 includes a dataset engine 322, agraph query engine 326, an insight/learning engine 330, and foundationcomponents 334. In certain embodiments, the dataset engine 322 isimplemented to establish and maintain a dynamic data ingestion andenrichment pipeline. In various embodiments, the dataset engine 322 isconfigured to source data from one or more blockchains. In certainembodiments, the blockchains may be a public blockchain, a privateblockchain, or a combination thereof, as described in greater detailherein. In these and other embodiments, the dataset engine 322 may beimplemented to orchestrate one or more sourcing agents 318 to sourcedata. Once the data is sourced, the data set engine 322 performs dataenriching and other data processing operations, described in greaterdetail herein, and generates one or more sub-graphs that aresubsequently incorporated into a target cognitive graph.

In various embodiments, the graph query engine 326 is implemented toreceive and process queries such that they can be bridged into acognitive graph, as described in greater detail herein, through the useof a bridging agent. In certain embodiments, the graph query engine 326performs various natural language processing (NLP), familiar to skilledpractitioners of the art, to process the queries. In variousembodiments, the insight/learning engine 330 is implemented toencapsulate a predetermined algorithm, which is then applied to acognitive graph to generate a result, such as a recommendation, acognitive insight, or a blockchain-associated cognitive insight,described in greater detail herein. In certain embodiments, one or moresuch algorithms may contribute to answering a specific question andprovide additional recommendations, cognitive insights,blockchain-associated cognitive insights, or a combination thereof. Invarious embodiments, two or more of the dataset engine 322, the graphquery engine 326, and the insight/learning engine 330 may be implementedto operate collaboratively to generate a recommendation, cognitiveinsight, blockchain-associated cognitive insight, or a combinationthereof. In certain embodiments, one or more of the dataset engine 322,the graph query engine 326, and the insight/learning engine 330 mayoperate autonomously to generate a recommendation, cognitive insight,blockchain-associated cognitive insight, or a combination thereof.

The foundation components 334 shown in FIG. 3 include various reusablecomponents, familiar to those of skill in the art, which are used invarious embodiments to enable the dataset engine 322, the graph queryengine 326, and the insight/learning engine 330 to perform theirrespective operations and processes. Examples of such foundationcomponents 334 include natural language processing (NLP) components andcore algorithms, such as cognitive algorithms.

In various embodiments, the platform data 338 includes various datarepositories, described in greater detail herein, that are accessed bythe cognitive platform 310 to generate cognitive insights. In certainembodiments, the blockchain data 339 includes blockchain data associatedwith one or more public blockchains, one or more private blockchains, ora combination thereof, as described in greater detail herein. In variousembodiments, the blockchain data 339 is used to generate ablockchain-associated cognitive insight. In certain embodiments, theplatform data 338 and the blockchain data 339 are used in combination togenerate a blockchain-associated cognitive insight.

In various embodiments, the destination agents 336 are implemented topublish cognitive insights to a consumer of cognitive insight data.Examples of such consumers of cognitive insight data include targetdatabases, public or private blockchains, business intelligenceapplications, and mobile applications. It will be appreciated that manysuch examples of cognitive insight data consumers are possible.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention. In certain embodiments, as described in greaterdetail herein, the cloud infrastructure 340 includes cognitive cloudmanagement 342 components and cloud analytics infrastructure components344.

FIGS. 4a through 4c depict additional cognitive inference and learningsystem (CILS) components implemented in accordance with an embodiment ofthe CILS reference model shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the CILSreference model includes client applications 302, applicationaccelerators 306, a cognitive platform 310, and cloud infrastructure340. As shown in FIG. 4a , the client applications 302 include cognitiveapplications 304. In various embodiments, the cognitive applications 304are implemented to natively accept and understand human forms ofcommunication, such as natural language text, audio, images, video, andso forth. In certain embodiments, the cognitive applications 304 mayinclude healthcare services 402, financial services 403, commerce 404,procurement, 405 and various other 406 applications familiar to skilledpractitioners of the art. As such, the foregoing is only provided asexamples of such cognitive applications 304 and is not intended to limitthe intent, spirit of scope of the invention.

In various embodiments, the cognitive applications 304 may include acognitive identity management module 407. In certain embodiments, thecognitive identity management module 407 is implemented to create,revise, append, delete, and otherwise manage a cognitive persona,described in greater detail herein, associated with one or more users.In various embodiments, the cognitive identity management module 407 isimplemented to create, revise, append, delete, and otherwise manage acognitive profile, described in greater detail herein, associated with aparticular user. In certain embodiments, the cognitive identitymanagement module 407 is implemented to manage cognitive personainformation, cognitive profile information, or some combination thereof,that is provided as part of a blockchain-associated cognitive insight.

In various embodiments, the application accelerators 306 include acognitive application framework 308. In certain embodiments, theapplication accelerators 306 and the cognitive application framework 308support various plug-ins and components that facilitate the creation ofclient applications 302 and cognitive applications 304. In variousembodiments, the application accelerators 306 include widgets, userinterface (UI) components, reports, charts, and back-end integrationcomponents familiar to those of skill in the art. It will be appreciatedthat many such application accelerators 306 are possible and theirprovided functionality, selection, provision and support are a matter ofdesign choice. As such, the application accelerators 306 described ingreater detail herein are not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention.

As shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b , the cognitive platform 310 includes amanagement console 312, a development environment 314, applicationprogram interfaces (APIs) 316, sourcing agents 318, a cognitive engine320, destination agents 336, platform data 338, and a crawl framework452. In various embodiments, the management console 312 is implementedto manage accounts and projects, along with management metadata 461 thatis used to drive processes and operations within the cognitive platform310 for a predetermined project.

In various embodiments, the management console 312 is implemented to runvarious services on the cognitive platform 310. In certain embodiments,the management console 312 is implemented to manage the configuration ofthe cognitive platform 310. In various embodiments, the managementconsole 312 is implemented to establish the development environment 314.In certain embodiments, the management console 312 may be implemented tomanage the development environment 314 once it is established. Skilledpractitioners of the art will realize that many such embodiments arepossible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit thespirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, the development environment 314 is implementedto create custom extensions to the CILS 118 shown in FIG. 2. In theseand other embodiments, the development environment 314 is implemented tosupport various programming languages, such as Python, Java, R, andothers familiar to skilled practitioners of the art. In variousembodiments, the development environment 314 is implemented to allow oneor more of these various programming languages to be used to create avariety of analytic models and applications. As an example, thedevelopment environment 314 may be implemented to support the Rprogramming language, which in turn can be used to create an analyticmodel that is then hosted on the cognitive platform 310.

In certain embodiments, the development environment 314 is implementedfor the development of various custom applications or extensions relatedto the cognitive platform 310, which may subsequently be deployed in apublic, private or hybrid cloud environment. In various embodiments, thedevelopment environment 314 is implemented for the development ofvarious custom sourcing agents 318, custom enrichment agents 425, custombridging agents 429, custom insight agents 433, custom destinationagents 336, and custom learning agents 434, which are described ingreater detail herein.

In various embodiments, the APIs 316 are implemented to build and managepredetermined cognitive applications 304, described in greater detailherein, which are then executed on the cognitive platform 310 togenerate cognitive insights. In these embodiments, the APIs 316 mayinclude one or more of a project and dataset API 408, a cognitive searchAPI 409, a cognitive insight API 410, and other APIs. The selection ofthe individual APIs 316 implemented in various embodiments is a matterdesign choice. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit thespirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, the project and dataset API 408 is implementedwith the management console 312 to enable the management of a variety ofdata and metadata associated with various cognitive insight projects anduser accounts hosted or supported by the cognitive platform 310. In oneembodiment, the data and metadata managed by the project and dataset API408 are associated with billing information familiar to those of skillin the art. In one embodiment, the project and dataset API 408 is usedto access a data stream that is created, configured and orchestrated, asdescribed in greater detail herein, by the dataset engine 322.

In various embodiments, the cognitive search API 409 uses naturallanguage processes familiar to those of skill in the art to search atarget cognitive graph. Likewise, the cognitive insight API 410 isimplemented in various embodiments to configure the insight/learningengine 330 to provide access to predetermined outputs from one or morecognitive graph algorithms that are executing in the cognitive platform310. In certain embodiments, the cognitive insight API 410 isimplemented to subscribe to, or request, such predetermined outputs.

In various embodiments, the sourcing agents 318 may include a batchupload 414 agent, an API connectors 415 agent, a real-time streams 416agent, a Structured Query Language (SQL)/Not Only SQL (NoSQL) databases417 agent, a message engines 418 agent, a blockchain sourcing 419 agent,and one or more custom sourcing 420 agents. Skilled practitioners of theart will realize that other types of sourcing agents 318 may be used invarious embodiments. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limitthe spirit, scope or intent of the invention. In various embodiments,the sourcing agents 318 are implemented to source a variety ofmulti-site, multi-structured source streams of data described in greaterdetail herein. In certain embodiments, each of the sourcing agents 318has a corresponding API.

In various embodiments, the batch uploading 414 agent is implemented forbatch uploading of data to the cognitive platform 310. In theseembodiments, the uploaded data may include a single data element, asingle data record or file, or a plurality of data records or files. Incertain embodiments, the data may be uploaded from more than one sourceand the uploaded data may be in a homogenous or heterogeneous form. Invarious embodiments, the API connectors 415 agent is implemented tomanage interactions with one or more predetermined APIs that areexternal to the cognitive platform 310. As an example, Associated Press®may have their own API for news stories, Expedia® for travelinformation, or the National Weather Service for weather information. Inthese examples, the API connectors 415 agent would be implemented todetermine how to respectively interact with each organization's API suchthat the cognitive platform 310 can receive information.

In various embodiments, the real-time streams 416 agent is implementedto receive various streams of data, such as social media streams (e.g.,Twitter feeds) or other data streams (e.g., device data streams). Inthese embodiments, the streams of data are received in near-real-time.In certain embodiments, the data streams include temporal attributes. Asan example, as data is added to a blog file, it is time-stamped tocreate temporal data. Other examples of a temporal data stream includeTwitter feeds, stock ticker streams, device location streams from adevice that is tracking location, medical devices tracking a patient'svital signs, and intelligent thermostats used to improve energyefficiency for homes.

In certain embodiments, the temporal attributes define a time window,which can be correlated to various elements of data contained in thestream. For example, as a given time window changes, associated data mayhave a corresponding change. In various embodiments, the temporalattributes do not define a time window. As an example, a social mediafeed may not have predetermined time windows, yet it is still temporal.As a result, the social media feed can be processed to determine whathappened in the last 24 hours, what happened in the last hour, whathappened in the last 15 minutes, and then determine related subjectmatter that is trending.

In various embodiments, the SQL/NoSQL databases 417 agent is implementedto interact with one or more target databases familiar to those of skillin the art. For example, the target database may include a SQL, NoSQL,delimited flat file, or other form of database. In various embodiments,the message engines 418 agent is implemented to provide data to thecognitive platform 310 from one or more message engines, such as amessage queue (MQ) system, a message bus, a message broker, anenterprise service bus (ESB), and so forth. Skilled practitioners of theart will realize that there are many such examples of message engineswith which the message engines 418 agent may interact. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention. In various embodiments, the blockchain sourcing 419 agent isimplemented to provide blockchain data to the cognitive platform 310from one or more public blockchains, one or more private blockchains, orsome combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the blockchain datamay include blockchain metadata, blockchain transaction data, blockchainpayload data, such as a cognitive insight, blockchain user data,blockchain temporal data, smart contract data, or some combinationthereof.

In various embodiments, the custom sourcing agents 420, which arepurpose-built, are developed through the use of the developmentenvironment 314, described in greater detail herein. Examples of customsourcing agents 420 include sourcing agents for various electronicmedical record (EMR) systems at various healthcare facilities. Such EMRsystems typically collect a variety of healthcare information, much ofit the same, yet it may be collected, stored and provided in differentways. In this example, the custom sourcing agents 420 allow thecognitive platform 310 to receive information from each disparatehealthcare source.

In various embodiments, the cognitive engine 320 includes a datasetengine 322, a graph engine 326, an insight/learning engine 330, learningagents 434, and foundation components 334. In these and otherembodiments, the dataset engine 322 is implemented as described ingreater detail to establish and maintain a dynamic data ingestion andenrichment pipeline. In various embodiments, the dataset engine 322 mayinclude a pipelines 422 component, an enrichment 423 component, astorage component 424, and one or more enrichment agents 425.

In various embodiments, the pipelines 422 component is implemented toingest various data provided by the sourcing agents 318. Once ingested,this data is converted by the pipelines 422 component into streams ofdata for processing. In certain embodiments, these managed streams areprovided to the enrichment 423 component, which performs data enrichmentoperations familiar to those of skill in the art. As an example, a datastream may be sourced from Associated Press® by a sourcing agent 318 andprovided to the dataset engine 322. The pipelines 422 component receivesthe data stream and routes it to the enrichment 423 component, whichthen enriches the data stream by performing sentiment analysis,geotagging, and entity detection operations to generate an enriched datastream. In certain embodiments, the enrichment operations includefiltering operations familiar to skilled practitioners of the art. Tofurther the preceding example, the Associated Press® data stream may befiltered by a predetermined geography attribute to generate an enricheddata stream.

The enriched data stream is then subsequently stored, as described ingreater detail herein, in a predetermined location. In variousembodiments, the enriched data stream is cached by the storage 424component to provide a local version of the enriched data stream. Incertain embodiments, the cached, enriched data stream is implemented tobe “replayed” by the cognitive engine 320. In one embodiment, thereplaying of the cached, enriched data stream allows incrementalingestion of the enriched data stream instead of ingesting the entireenriched data stream at one time. In various embodiments, one or moreenrichment agents 425 are implemented to be invoked by the enrichmentcomponent 423 to perform one or more enrichment operations described ingreater detail herein.

In various embodiments, the graph query engine 326 is implemented toreceive and process queries such that they can be bridged into acognitive graph, as described in greater detail herein, through the useof a bridging agent. In these embodiments, the graph query engine mayinclude a query 426 component, a translate 427 component, a bridge 428component, and one or more bridging agents 429.

In various embodiments, the query 426 component is implemented tosupport natural language queries. In these and other embodiments, thequery 426 component receives queries, processes them (e.g., using NLPprocesses), and then maps the processed query to a target cognitivegraph. In various embodiments, the translate 427 component isimplemented to convert the processed queries provided by the query 426component into a form that can be used to query a target cognitivegraph. To further differentiate the distinction between thefunctionality respectively provided by the query 426 and translate 427components, the query 426 component is oriented toward understanding aquery from a user. In contrast, the translate 427 component is orientedto translating a query that is understood into a form that can be usedto query a cognitive graph.

In various embodiments, the bridge 428 component is implemented togenerate an answer to a query provided by the translate 427 component.In certain embodiments, the bridge 428 component is implemented toprovide domain-specific responses when bridging a translated query to acognitive graph. For example, the same query bridged to a targetcognitive graph by the bridge 428 component may result in differentanswers for different domains, dependent upon domain-specific bridgingoperations performed by the bridge 428 component.

To further differentiate the distinction between the translate 427component and the bridging 428 component, the translate 427 componentrelates to a general domain translation of a question. In contrast, thebridging 428 component allows the question to be asked in the context ofa specific domain (e.g., healthcare, financial services, commerce,procurement, etc.), given what is known about the data. In certainembodiments, the bridging 428 component is implemented to process whatis known about the translated query, in the context of the user, toprovide an answer that is relevant to a specific domain.

As an example, a user may ask, “Where should I eat today?” If the userhas been prescribed a particular health regimen, the bridging 428component may suggest a restaurant with a “heart healthy” menu. However,if the user is a business traveler, the bridging 428 component maysuggest the nearest restaurant that has the user's favorite food. Invarious embodiments, the bridging 428 component may provide answers, orsuggestions, that are composed and ranked according to a specific domainof use. In various embodiments, the bridging agent 429 is implemented tointeract with the bridging component 428 to perform bridging operationsdescribed in greater detail herein. In these embodiments, the bridgingagent interprets a translated query generated by the query 426 componentwithin a predetermined user context, and then maps it to predeterminednodes and links within a target cognitive graph.

In various embodiments, the insight/learning engine 330 is implementedto encapsulate a predetermined algorithm, which is then applied to atarget cognitive graph to generate a result, such as a recommendation, acognitive insight, a blockchain-associated cognitive insight, or somecombination thereof. In certain embodiments, one or more such algorithmsmay contribute to answering a specific question and provide additionalcognitive insights or recommendations. In these and other embodiments,the insight/learning engine 330 is implemented to performinsight/learning operations, described in greater detail herein. Invarious embodiments, the insight/learning engine 330 may include adiscover/visibility 430 component, a predict 431 component, arank/recommend 432 component, and one or more insight 433 agents.

In various embodiments, the discover/visibility 430 component isimplemented to provide detailed information related to a predeterminedtopic, such as a subject or an event, along with associated historicalinformation. In certain embodiments, the historical information may becontained in one or more public blockchains, one or more privateblockchains, or some combination thereof. In various embodiments, thehistorical information may be related to a particular industry sector,process, or operation, such as financial services, healthcare, commerce,procurement, and so forth. In certain embodiments, the predict 431component is implemented to perform predictive operations to provideinsight into what may next occur for a predetermined topic. In variousembodiments, the rank/recommend 432 component is implemented to performranking and recommendation operations to provide a user prioritizedrecommendations associated with a provided cognitive insight.

In certain embodiments, the insight/learning engine 330 may includeadditional components. For example the additional components may includeclassification algorithms, clustering algorithms, and so forth. Skilledpractitioners of the art will realize that many such additionalcomponents are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended tolimit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention. In variousembodiments, the insights agents 433 are implemented to create a visualdata story, highlighting user-specific insights, relationships andrecommendations. As a result, it can share, operationalize, or trackbusiness insights in various embodiments. In various embodiments, thelearning agent 434 work in the background to continually update thecognitive graph, as described in greater detail herein, from each uniqueinteraction with data and users.

In various embodiments, the destination agents 336 are implemented topublish cognitive insights to a consumer of cognitive insight data.Examples of such consumers of cognitive insight data include targetdatabases, business intelligence applications, and mobile applications.In certain embodiments, the destination agents 336 may include aHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) stream 440 agent, an API connectors441 agent, a databases 442 agent, a message engines 443 agent, a mobilepush notification 444 agent, one or more blockchain destination 445agents, and one or more custom destination 446 agents. Skilledpractitioners of the art will realize that other types of destinationagents 318 may be used in various embodiments of the invention.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention. In certain embodiments, each of the destinationagents 318 has a corresponding API.

In various embodiments, the HTTP stream 440 agent is implemented forproviding various HTTP streams of cognitive insight data to apredetermined cognitive data consumer. In these embodiments, theprovided HTTP streams may include various HTTP data elements familiar tothose of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the HTTP streams ofdata are provided in near-real-time. In various embodiments, the APIconnectors 441 agent is implemented to manage interactions with one ormore predetermined APIs that are external to the cognitive platform 310.As an example, various target databases, business intelligenceapplications, and mobile applications may each have their own uniqueAPI.

In various embodiments, the databases 442 agent is implemented forprovision of cognitive insight data to one or more target databasesfamiliar to those of skill in the art. For example, the target databasemay include a SQL, NoSQL, delimited flat file, or other form ofdatabase. In these embodiments, the provided cognitive insight data mayinclude a single data element, a single data record or file, or aplurality of data records or files. In certain embodiments, the data maybe provided to more than one cognitive data consumer and the provideddata may be in a homogenous or heterogeneous form. In variousembodiments, the message engines 443 agent is implemented to providecognitive insight data to one or more message engines, such as a messagequeue (MQ) system, a message bus, a message broker, an enterpriseservice bus (ESB), and so forth. In various embodiments, the one or moreblockchain destination 445 agents are implemented to provide one or morecognitive insights, one or more smart contracts, or some combinationthereof, in the form of a blockchain-associated cognitive insight,described in greater detail herein. Skilled practitioners of the artwill realize that there are many such examples of databases with whichthe databases 442 agent may interact, public and private blockchainswith which the blockchain destination 445 agent may interact, andmessage engines with which the message engines 443 agent may interact.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention.

In various embodiments, the custom destination 446 agents, which arepurpose-built, are developed through the use of the developmentenvironment 314, described in greater detail herein. Examples of customdestination agents 446 include destination agents for various electronicmedical record (EMR) systems at various healthcare facilities. Such EMRsystems typically collect a variety of healthcare information, much ofit the same, yet it may be collected, stored and provided in differentways. In this example, the custom destination agents 446 allow such EMRsystems to receive cognitive insight data in a form they can use. Otherexamples of custom destination agents 446 include destination agents forvarious financial services systems (e.g., banking, insurance, securitiesand commodities exchanges, etc.), destination agents for commerceentities (e.g., physical and online retailers, etc.), and destinationagents for procurement processes.

In various embodiments, data that has been cleansed, normalized andenriched by the dataset engine, as described in greater detail herein,is provided by a destination agent 336 to a predetermined destination,likewise described in greater detail herein. In these embodiments,neither the graph query engine 326 nor the insight/learning engine 330are implemented to perform their respective functions.

In various embodiments, the foundation components 334 are implemented toenable the dataset engine 322, the graph query engine 326, and theinsight/learning engine 330 to perform their respective operations andprocesses. In these and other embodiments, the foundation components 334may include an NLP core 436 component, an NLP services 437 component,and a dynamic pipeline engine 438. In various embodiments, the NLP core436 component is implemented to provide a set of predetermined NLPcomponents for performing various NLP operations described in greaterdetail herein.

In these embodiments, certain of these NLP core components are surfacedthrough the NLP services 437 component, while some are used aslibraries. Examples of operations that are performed with suchcomponents include dependency parsing, parts-of-speech tagging, sentencepattern detection, and so forth. In various embodiments, the NLPservices 437 component is implemented to provide various internal NLPservices, which are used to perform entity detection, summarization, andother operations, likewise described in greater detail herein. In theseembodiments, the NLP services 437 component is implemented to interactwith the NLP core 436 component to provide predetermined NLP services,such as summarizing a target paragraph.

In various embodiments, the dynamic pipeline engine 438 is implementedto interact with the dataset engine 322 to perform various operationsrelated to receiving one or more sets of data from one or more sourcingagents, apply enrichment to the data, and then provide the enriched datato a predetermined destination. In these and other embodiments, thedynamic pipeline engine 438 manages the distribution of these variousoperations to a predetermined compute cluster and tracks versioning ofthe data as it is processed across various distributed computingresources. In certain embodiments, the dynamic pipeline engine 438 isimplemented to perform data sovereignty management operations tomaintain sovereignty of the data.

In various embodiments, the platform data 338 includes various datarepositories, described in greater detail herein, that are accessed bythe cognitive platform 310 to generate cognitive insights. In theseembodiments, the platform data 338 repositories may include repositoriesof dataset metadata 456, cognitive graphs 457, models 459, crawl data460, and management metadata 461. In various embodiments, the datasetmetadata 456 is associated with curated data 458 and blockchain data 462contained in the repository of cognitive graphs 457. In these and otherembodiments, the repository of dataset metadata 456 contains datasetmetadata that supports operations performed by the storage 424 componentof the dataset engine 322. For example, if a Mongo® NoSQL database withten million items is being processed, and the cognitive platform 310fails after ingesting nine million of the items, then the datasetmetadata 456 may be able to provide a checkpoint that allows ingestionto continue at the point of failure instead restarting the ingestionprocess.

Those of skill in the art will realize that the use of such datasetmetadata 456 in various embodiments allows the dataset engine 322 to bestateful. In certain embodiments, the dataset metadata 456 allowssupport of versioning. For example, versioning may be used to trackversions of modifications made to data, such as in data enrichmentprocesses described in greater detail herein. As another example,geotagging information may have been applied to a set of data during afirst enrichment process, which creates a first version of enricheddata. Adding sentiment data to the same set of data during a secondenrichment process creates a second version of enriched data. In thisexample, the dataset metadata stored in the dataset metadata 456provides tracking of the different versions of the enriched data and thedifferences between the two.

In various embodiments, the repository of cognitive graphs 457 isimplemented to store cognitive graphs generated, accessed, and updatedby the cognitive engine 320 in the process of generating cognitiveinsights. In various embodiments, the repository of cognitive graphs 457may include one or more repositories of curated data 458, one or morerepositories of blockchain data 462, of some combination thereof. Incertain embodiments, the repositories of curated data 458 includes datathat has been curated by one or more users, machine operations, or acombination of the two, by performing various sourcing, filtering, andenriching operations described in greater detail herein. In these andother embodiments, the curated data 458 is ingested by the cognitiveplatform 310 and then processed, as likewise described in greater detailherein, to generate cognitive insights.

In various embodiments, the one or more repositories of blockchain data462 may contain certain data residing in one or more public blockchains,one or more private blockchains, or some combination thereof. In certainembodiments, the repositories of blockchain data 462 may containrecommendations, cognitive insights, smart contracts, or any combinationthereof, that are contained within previous generatedblockchain-associated cognitive insights. In various embodiments, therepository of models 459 is implemented to store models that aregenerated, accessed, and updated by the cognitive engine 320 in theprocess of generating cognitive insights. As used herein, models broadlyrefer to machine learning models. In certain embodiments, the modelsinclude one or more statistical models.

In various embodiments, the crawl framework 452 is implemented tosupport various crawlers 454 familiar to skilled practitioners of theart. In certain embodiments, the crawlers 454 are custom configured forvarious target domains. For example, different crawlers 454 may be usedfor various healthcare, financial services, commerce, or procurementforums, blogs, news and other related sites. As another example,different crawlers 454 may be used to collect blockchain data associatedwith various public and private blockchains. In various embodiments,data collected by the crawlers 454 is provided by the crawl framework452 to the repository of crawl data 460. In these embodiments, thecollected crawl data is processed and then stored in a normalized formin the repository of crawl data 460. The normalized data is thenprovided to SQL/NoSQL database 417 agent, which in turn provides it tothe dataset engine 322. In one embodiment, the crawl database 460 is aNoSQL database, such as Mongo®.

In various embodiments, the repository of management metadata 461 isimplemented to store user-specific metadata used by the managementconsole 312 to manage accounts (e.g., billing information) and projects.In certain embodiments, the user-specific metadata stored in therepository of management metadata 461 is used by the management console312 to drive processes and operations within the cognitive platform 310for a predetermined project. In various embodiments, the user-specificmetadata stored in the repository of management metadata 461 is used toenforce data sovereignty. It will be appreciated that many suchembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended tolimit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

Referring now to FIG. 4c , the cloud infrastructure 340 may include acognitive cloud management 342 component and a cloud analyticsinfrastructure 344 component in various embodiments. Current examples ofa cloud infrastructure 340 include Amazon Web Services (AWS®), availablefrom Amazon.com® of Seattle, Wash., IBM® Softlayer, available fromInternational Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y., and Nebula/Openstack, ajoint project between Raskspace Hosting®, of Windcrest, Tex., and theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In theseembodiments, the cognitive cloud management 342 component may include amanagement playbooks 468 sub-component, a cognitive cloud managementmodule 469 sub-component, a data management module 470 sub-component,and an asset repository 471 sub-component. In certain embodiments, thecognitive cloud management 342 component may include various othersub-components.

In various embodiments, the management playbooks 468 sub-component isimplemented to automate the creation and management of the cloudanalytics infrastructure 344 component along with various otheroperations and processes related to the cloud infrastructure 340. Asused herein, “management playbooks” broadly refers to any set ofinstructions or data, such as scripts and configuration data, that isimplemented by the management playbooks 468 sub-component to perform itsassociated operations and processes.

In various embodiments, the cognitive cloud management module 469sub-component is implemented to provide a user visibility and managementcontrols related to the cloud analytics infrastructure 344 componentalong with various other operations and processes related to the cloudinfrastructure 340. In various embodiments, the data management module470 sub-component is implemented to manage platform data 338, describedin greater detail herein. In various embodiments, the asset repository471 sub-component is implemented to provide access to various cognitivecloud infrastructure assets, such as asset configurations, machineimages, and cognitive insight stack configurations.

In various embodiments, the cloud analytics infrastructure 344 componentmay include a data grid 472 sub-component, a distributed compute engine474 sub-component, and a compute cluster management 476 sub-component.In these embodiments, the cloud analytics infrastructure 344 componentmay also include a distributed object storage 478 sub-component, adistributed full text search 480 sub-component, a document database 482sub-component, a blockchain database 483 sub-component, a graph database484 sub-component, and various other sub-components. In variousembodiments, the data grid 472 sub-component is implemented to providedistributed and shared memory that allows the sharing of objects acrossvarious data structures. One example of a data grid 472 sub-component isRedis, an open-source, networked, in-memory, key-value data store, withoptional durability, written in ANSI C. In various embodiments, thedistributed compute engine 474 sub-component is implemented to allow thecognitive platform 310 to perform various cognitive insight operationsand processes in a distributed computing environment. Examples of suchcognitive insight operations and processes include batch operations andstreaming analytics processes.

In various embodiments, the compute cluster management 476 sub-componentis implemented to manage various computing resources as a computecluster. One such example of such a compute cluster management 476sub-component is Mesos/Nimbus, a cluster management platform thatmanages distributed hardware resources into a single pool of resourcesthat can be used by application frameworks to efficiently manageworkload distribution for both batch jobs and long-running services. Invarious embodiments, the distributed object storage 478 sub-component isimplemented to manage the physical storage and retrieval of distributedobjects (e.g., binary file, image, text, etc.) in a cloud environment.Examples of a distributed object storage 478 sub-component includeAmazon S3®, available from Amazon.com of Seattle, Wash., and Swift, anopen source, scalable and redundant storage system.

In various embodiments, the distributed full text search 480sub-component is implemented to perform various full text searchoperations familiar to those of skill in the art within a cloudenvironment. In various embodiments, the document database 482sub-component is implemented to manage the physical storage andretrieval of structured data in a cloud environment. Examples of suchstructured data include social, public, private, and device data, asdescribed in greater detail herein. In certain embodiments, thestructured data includes data that is implemented in the JavaScriptObject Notation (JSON) format. One example of a document database 482sub-component is Mongo, an open source cross-platform document-orienteddatabase.

In various embodiments, the blockchain database 483 sub-component isimplemented to manage the creation and ongoing administration of publicblockchains, private blockchains, or some combination thereof. Incertain embodiments, the blockchain database 483 sub-component isimplemented to perform various operations associated with a blockchain,such as the generation of new blocks, receiving blocks generated byother entities, generating new blockchain transactions for existingblocks, and appending existing blocks with new transactions generated byothers. In various embodiments, the graph database 484 sub-component isimplemented to manage the physical storage and retrieval of cognitivegraphs. One example of a graph database 484 sub-component is GraphDB, anopen source graph database familiar to those of skill in the art.

FIG. 5 is a simplified process diagram of cognitive inference andlearning system (CILS) operations performed in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. In various embodiments, these CILSoperations may include a perceive 506 phase, a relate 508 phase, anoperate 510 phase, a process and execute 512 phase, and a learn 514phase. In these and other embodiments, the CILS 118 shown in FIG. 2 isimplemented to mimic cognitive processes associated with the humanbrain. In various embodiments, the CILS operations are performed throughthe implementation of a cognitive platform 310, described in greaterdetail herein. In these and other embodiments, the cognitive platform310 may be implemented within a cloud analytics infrastructure 344,which in turn is implemented within a cloud infrastructure 340, likewisedescribed in greater detail herein.

In various embodiments, multi-site, multi-structured source streams 504are provided by sourcing agents, as described in greater detail herein.In these embodiments, the source streams 504 are dynamically ingested inreal-time during the perceive 506 phase, and based upon a predeterminedcontext, extraction, parsing, and tagging operations are performed onlanguage, text and images contained in the source streams 504. Automaticfeature extraction and modeling operations are then performed with thepreviously processed source streams 504 during the relate 508 phase togenerate queries to identify related data (i.e., corpus expansion).

In various embodiments, operations are performed during the operate 510phase to discover, summarize and prioritize various concepts, which arein turn used to generate actionable recommendations and notificationsassociated with predetermined plan-based optimization goals. Theresulting actionable recommendations and notifications are thenprocessed during the process and execute 512 phase to provide cognitiveinsights, such as recommendations, to various predetermined destinationsand associated application programming interfaces (APIs) 524.

In various embodiments, features from newly-observed data areautomatically extracted from user feedback during the learn 514 phase toimprove various analytical models. In these embodiments, the learn 514phase includes feedback on observations 516 generated during the relate508 phase, which is provided to the perceive 506 phase. Likewise,feedback on decisions 518 resulting from operations performed during theoperate 510 phase, and feedback on results 520 resulting from operationsperformed during the process and execute 512 phase, are also provided tothe perceive 506 phase.

In various embodiments, user interactions result from operationsperformed during the process and execute 512 phase. In theseembodiments, data associated with the user interactions are provided tothe perceive 506 phase as unfolding interactions 522, which includeevents that occur external to the CILS operations described in greaterdetail herein. As an example, a first query from a user may be submittedto the CILS system, which in turn generates a first cognitive insight,which is then provided to the user. In response, the user may respond byproviding a first response, or perhaps a second query, either of whichis provided in the same context as the first query. The CILS receivesthe first response or second query, performs various CILS operations,and provides the user a second cognitive insight. As before, the usermay respond with a second response or a third query, again in thecontext of the first query. Once again, the CILS performs various CILSoperations and provides the user a third cognitive insight, and soforth. In this example, the provision of cognitive insights to the user,and their various associated responses, results in unfoldinginteractions 522, which in turn result in a stateful dialog that evolvesover time. Skilled practitioners of the art will likewise realize thatsuch unfolding interactions 522, occur outside of the CILS operationsperformed by the cognitive platform 310.

FIG. 6 depicts the lifecycle of CILS agents implemented in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention to perform CILS operations. Invarious embodiments, the CILS agents lifecycle 602 may includeimplementation of a sourcing 318 agent, an enrichment 425 agent, abridging 429 agent, an insight 433 agent, a destination 336 agent, and alearning 434 agent. In these embodiments, the sourcing 318 agent isimplemented to source a variety of multi-site, multi-structured sourcestreams of data described in greater detail herein. These sourced datastreams are then provided to an enrichment 425 agent, which then invokesan enrichment component to perform enrichment operations to generateenriched data streams, likewise described in greater detail herein.

The enriched data streams are then provided to a bridging 429 agent,which is used to perform bridging operations described in greater detailherein. In turn, the results of the bridging operations are provided toan insight 433 agent, which is implemented as described in greaterdetail herein to create a visual data story, highlighting user-specificinsights, relationships and recommendations. The resulting visual datastory is then provided to a destination 336 agent, which is implementedto publish cognitive insights to a consumer of cognitive insight data,likewise as described in greater detail herein. In response, theconsumer of cognitive insight data provides feedback to a learning 434agent, which is implemented as described in greater detail herein toprovide the feedback to the sourcing agent 318, at which point the CILSagents lifecycle 602 is continued. From the foregoing, skilledpractitioners of the art will recognize that each iteration of thecognitive agents lifecycle 602 provides more informed cognitiveinsights.

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of the use of a blockchain by acognitive insight and learning system (CILS) to performblockchain-associated cognitive insight and learning operations inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. In various embodiments,a cognitive platform 704, described in greater detail herein, includesan analytics infrastructure 706, likewise described in greater detailherein. In these embodiments, the cognitive platform 704 is implementedto use data associated with one or more blockchains ‘1’-‘n’ 716 toperform blockchain-associated cognitive insight and learning operations.As used herein, a blockchain broadly refers to a decentralized,distributed data structure whose contents are replicated across a numberof systems. These contents are stored in a chain of fixed structurescommonly referred to as “blocks,” such as block ‘1’ 718, block ‘2’, andso forth, through block ‘n’ 722. Each of these blocks contains certaininformation about itself, such as a unique identifier, a reference toits previous block, and a hash value generated from the data itcontains. As an example, block ‘2’ 720 would contain a reference toblock ‘1’ 718, yet their respective hashes values would be different asthey contain different data.

Skilled practitioners of the art will be aware that blockchains may beimplemented in different ways and for different purposes. However, theytypically have certain characteristics in common. For example, ablockchain is digitally distributed across a number of systems, each ofwhich maintains a copy of the blockchain. Updates to one copy of theblockchain, such as the addition of a block ‘n’ 722, results incorresponding, near-real-time updates to the other copies. Accordingly,the contents of the blockchain, including its most recent updates, areavailable to all participating users of the blockchain, who in turn usetheir own systems to authenticate and verify each new block. Thisauthentication and verification ensures that the same transaction doesnot occur more than once. Furthermore, the legitimacy of a block, andits associated contents, is only certified once a majority ofparticipants agree to its validity.

Likewise, known blockchain approaches typically use various cryptographyand digital signature approaches known to those of the art to prove theidentity of various blockchain participants. As a result, individualblockchain transactions can be traced back to the digital identities oftheir creators. In certain implementations, the digital identity isanonymized, while others are tied to a certifiable identity of anindividual, a group, an organization, such as a corporation. As anexample, a trusted third party, such as an industry or governmentalentity, may authenticate the identity of an individual, group ororganization. In one embodiment, the authentication is performed by aRegistration Authority (RA) operating as a component of a Public KeyInfrastructure (PKI). The resulting authentication may then be used asthe basis for creating a set of digital credentials, such as apublic/private key pair or digital certificate, which in turn can beused to perform various blockchain operations familiar to those of skillin the art.

In general, the distributed and replicated nature of a blockchain makesit difficult to modify historical records. In particular, while priorrecords can be read and new data can be written to a blockchain,existing transactions cannot be altered unless the protocol associatedwith a given blockchain implementation allows it. For example, existingdata may be revised if there is consensus within a group of participantsto do so. More particularly, a change in one copy of the blockchainwould typically require all other participants agree to havecorresponding changes made to their own copy.

As a result, the data a given blockchain contains is essentiallyimmutable. However, this immutability of data related to a givenblockchain, and the digital certification of the identities involvedwith a given transaction, does not necessarily ensure that what wasrecorded in the blockchain can be accepted as an incontrovertible truth.Instead, it simply means that what was originally recorded was agreedupon by a majority of the blockchain's participants.

Additionally, every transaction in a blockchain is time-stamped, whichis useful for tracking interactions between participants and verifyingvarious information contained in, or related to, a blockchain.Furthermore, instructions can be embedded within individual blocks of ablockchain. These instructions, in the form of computer-executable code,allow transactions or other operations to be initiated if certainconditions are met. For example, a particular good or service can beprovided in exchange for the receipt of a monetary amount. In certainembodiments, the computer-executable code is in the form of a smartcontract, described in greater detail herein.

In various embodiments, data associated with blockchains ‘1’-‘n’ 716 isused by the cognitive platform 704, in combination with one or morecognitive applications 708 and a cognitive identity module 710, toperform a variety of blockchain-associated cognitive insight andlearning operations. In certain embodiments, the performance of thesecognitive insight and learning operations results in the generation of ablockchain-associated cognitive insight. As used herein, ablockchain-associated cognitive insight broadly refers to a cognitiveinsight that is generated at least in part through the use of blockchaindata, or alternatively, provided in the form of a blockchaintransaction, described in greater detail herein. As likewise usedherein, blockchain data broadly refers to any data associated with agiven blockchain, whether it is related to the data structure of theblockchain as a whole or its individual elements, the individual dataelements it may contain, or its associated metadata. Likewise,blockchain data also broadly refers to the rules and parameters of acorresponding blockchain's operation, the protocols related to itsinteraction with applications and other blockchains, or itscorresponding Application Program Interface (API).

As an example, blockchain data residing in blocks ‘1’ 718, ‘2’ 720,through ‘n’ 722 may be used by the cognitive platform 704, incombination with curated public data 712 and licensed data 714, togenerate a blockchain-associated cognitive insight related to aparticular subject. As another example, blockchain data residing inblocks ‘1’ 718, ‘2’ 720, through ‘n’ 722 may be used by the cognitiveplatform 704, in combination with curated public data 712 and licenseddata 714, to generate a blockchain-associated cognitive insight relatedto a particular user, group or organization. In various embodiments, thecognitive platform 704 is used in combination with a cognitive identitymanagement module 710, described in greater detail herein, to identifyblockchain data residing in blocks ‘1’ 718, ‘2’ 720, through ‘n’ 722 ofa given blockchain ‘1’ through ‘n’ 716 related to a particular user,group or organization. In certain of these embodiments, the identifieddata is then used by itself, with curated public data 712, with licenseddata 714, or some combination thereof to generate theblockchain-associated cognitive insight. In one embodiment, theidentified data is used by itself, with curated public data 712, withlicensed data 714, or some combination thereof, to validate the veracityof a particular blockchain transaction, described in greater detailherein.

In various embodiments, the resulting blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight is provided to a cognitive application 708. In one embodiment,the cognitive application 708 is used to provide theblockchain-associated cognitive insight to a user. In anotherembodiment, the resulting blockchain-associated cognitive insight isused by a cognitive application 708 to perform processing operationsresulting in the generation of a result, such as an answer to a userquery. In yet another embodiment, the resulting blockchain-assistedcognitive insight is delivered as part of a blockchain transaction, asdescribed in greater detail herein. Skilled practitioners of the artwill recognize that many such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention.

In certain embodiments, the resulting blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight is provided a part of a blockchain transaction, described ingreater detail herein. In these embodiments, blockchain data related tothe data structure of an individual blockchain within blockchains‘1’-‘n’ 716 may be used in the provision of the resultingblockchain-associated cognitive insight. Likewise, blockchain-associateddata related to the rules and parameters of the operation of theblockchain, the protocols related to its interaction with applicationsand other blockchains, its corresponding API, or some combinationthereof, may be used in the provision of the blockchain-associatedcognitive insight. In various embodiments, the performance of certaincognitive insight and learning operations results in the performance ofblockchain-associated cognitive learning operations, described ingreater detail herein.

FIG. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a blockchain transactionimplemented to deliver a blockchain-associated cognitive insight inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. In various embodiments,a blockchain block may contain multiple transactions records, such astransactions ‘1’ through ‘n’ 802 shown in FIG. 8. In these embodiments,each transaction record may include data and metadata, such as a blockreference identifier (ID) 804, a hash value of the prior block's header806 information, the public key of the recipient 808 of the transaction,and the digital signature of the originator 810 of the transaction. Thetransaction record may likewise include additional data and metadata,such as a transaction identifier 812, a transaction payload 814, and atransaction timestamp 816. In certain embodiments, the transactionpayload 814 may include one or more blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights 818, one or more smart contracts 820, or a combination thereof.

In various embodiments, the transaction record may also contain a listof validated digital assets and instruction statements, such astransactions made, their associated financial amounts, and the addressesof the parties to those transactions. In various embodiments, theaddresses may be a crytopgraphic key, familiar to those of skill in theart, or a physical address. As an example, in one embodiment, the publickey of a recipient 808 is used as an address. In another embodiment, thepublic key of the recipient is used for the delivery of a digital asset,the transfer of digital currency, or a combination thereof. In yetanother embodiment, the address may be a street address, which can beused for the delivery of physical goods.

In certain embodiments, virtually any type of information associatedwith a transaction may be digitized, codified and placed on ablockchain. As an example, a blockchain-associated cognitive insight 818may contain confidential information that is only intended for aparticular recipient. In one embodiment, the private key of the senderand the public key of the recipient may be used to perform cryptographicoperations to encrypt a particular blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight 818. The resulting encrypted blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight 818 can then be added to a particular transaction record ‘1’-‘n’802. While the encrypted blockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 maybe viewable in its encrypted form by all participants in the blockchain,it can only be decrypted by its intended recipient. In this example, theencrypted blockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 may be decryptedby its intended recipient through the use of their private key and thesender's public key.

In various embodiments, a blockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 isimplemented in combination with a smart contract 820 to perform one ormore associated operations or processes. As used herein, a smartcontract 820 broadly refers to executable computer code 824 configuredto generate instructions for downstream processes. Examples ofdownstream processes include delivery of digital or physical goods,transfer of digital currencies between participants, performing aone-step assurance process or notification, performing operations toconform to a compliance requirement, and so forth, if certain conditionsare met. In certain embodiments, the smart contract 820 may contain theterms and conditions of a contract 822 in clear text, executablecomputer code 824, or a combination thereof. In various embodiments, thetext of a contract 822 may be encrypted for confidentiality. In certainembodiments, the execution of the computer code 824 results in thegeneration of another blockchain transaction.

In various embodiments, the smart contract is configured to perform aone-step assurance operation. As used herein, a one-step assuranceoperation broadly refers to assuring that operations associated with ablockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 are performed through asingle interaction. In certain embodiments, the single interaction isperformed by a user. In various embodiments, the one-step assuranceoperation is tailored to a particular industry or process, such asfinancial services, healthcare services, physical or online commerce,procurement, and so forth. In certain embodiments, the operationsassociated with a blockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 areperformed by the executable code 824 associated with a smart contract820. In various embodiments, the executable code 824 is configured toprovide a notification (e.g., an email message) to a user, providingassurance the operations have been performed. In certain embodiments,the executable code 824 is configured to provide a notification to acognitive application 708, such as shown in FIG. 7, which in turnprovides notification to a user, assuring them the operations have beenperformed.

In various embodiments, the smart contract is configured to perform oneor more operations or processes associated with a compliancerequirement. As used herein, a compliance requirement broadly refers toa requirement to conform to a policy, standard, regulation, or law. Incertain embodiments, the compliance requirement may be associated with agovernance compliance requirement, a regulatory compliance requirement,an anti-fraud compliance requirement, or some combination thereof. Invarious embodiments, the policy or standard may be internal or externalto an organization. As an example, an organization may have internalpolicies limiting the amount an executive can spend on lodging during abusiness trip to a particular city. In this example, ablockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 suggesting a recommendedhotel may be provided to an executive. Furthermore, the nightly cost ofthe hotel may comply with the internal travel policies of theexecutive's employer. By accepting the recommendation in theblockchain-associated cognitive insight 818, an associated smartcontract 820 is executed, which results in the hotel being booked andlodging costs being paid for.

In certain embodiments, the regulation or law may be external to theorganization. As an example, a blockchain-associated cognitive insight818 may be provided to an healthcare insurance claims processor,recommending that an insurance claim associated with a particularpatient be paid to a healthcare provider. In this example, theblockchain-associated cognitive insight 818 may contain two smartcontracts 820. The first smart contract may initiate a process to informthe patient that the claim has been paid and to also provide anexplanation of benefits (EOB). The second smart contract may initiatepayment to the healthcare as well as provide claim payment information,including medical codes. In both cases, the information respectivelyprovided to the patient and provider may be structured to conform to theconfidentiality requirements of the Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). To continue the example, theinformation respectively provided to the patient and provider in ablockchain transaction may be encrypted, as described in greater detailherein.

In various embodiments, the smart contract code 824 may include aUniform Resource Locator (URL). In certain of these embodiments,accessing and interacting with content associated with the URL mayinitiate a downstream process. In one embodiment, the interaction withthe content associated with the URL is performed by a user. In anotherembodiment, the interaction with the content associated with the URL isperformed by an application, such as a cognitive application 708,described in greater detail herein. In various embodiments, the URL isencrypted for confidentiality or to maintain the integrity of adownstream process. It will be appreciated that the larger the size ofthe one or more blockchain-associated cognitive insights 818 and smartcontracts 820, the fewer transaction records ‘1’-‘n’ 802 can fit withina given block. Skilled practitioners of the art will recognize that manysuch embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is notintended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a plurality of cognitiveplatforms implemented in accordance with an embodiment of the inventionwithin a hybrid cloud infrastructure. In this embodiment, the hybridcloud infrastructure 940 includes a cognitive cloud management 342component, a hosted 902 cognitive cloud environment, and a private 922cognitive cloud environment. In various embodiments, the private 922cognitive cloud environment is implemented in a private network, such ascommonly implemented by corporation or government organization. As shownin FIG. 9, the hosted 902 cognitive cloud environment includes a hosted904 cognitive platform, such as the cognitive platform 310 shown inFIGS. 3, 4 a, and 4 b. In various embodiments, the hosted 902 cognitivecloud environment may also include a hosted 914 universal knowledgerepository, and one or more repositories of curated public data 908,licensed data 910, and public blockchain data 912. In certainembodiments, the hosted 902 cognitive cloud environment may likewiseinclude one or more hosted 909 cognitive applications, hosted cognitiveidentity management modules 911, or some combination thereof,implemented to interact with the hosted 904 cognitive platform.Likewise, the hosted 904 cognitive platform may also include a hosted906 analytics infrastructure, such as the cloud analytics infrastructure344 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 c.

As likewise shown in FIG. 9, the private 922 cognitive cloud environmentincludes a private 924 cognitive platform, such as the cognitiveplatform 310 shown in FIGS. 3, 4 a, and 4 b. In various embodiments, theprivate 922 cognitive cloud environment may also include a private 934universal knowledge repository, and one or more repositories ofapplication data 928, proprietary data 930, and private blockchain data932. In certain embodiments, the private 922 cognitive cloud environmentmay likewise include one or more private 938 cognitive applications,private cognitive identity management modules 930, or some combinationthereof, implemented to interact with the private 924 cognitiveplatform. Likewise, the private 924 cognitive platform may also includea private 926 analytics infrastructure, such as the cloud analyticsinfrastructure 344 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 c.

As used herein, a public blockchain 914 broadly refers to a blockchainthat has been implemented as a permissionless blockchain, meaning anyonecan read or write to it. One advantage of such a public blockchain 912is it allows individuals who do not know each other to trust a sharedrecord of events without the involvement of an intermediary or thirdparty. Conversely, a private blockchain 932 broadly refers to ablockchain where its participants are known and are granted read andwrite permissions by an authority that governs the use of theblockchain. For example, the private blockchain 932 participants maybelong to the same or different organizations within an industry sector.In various embodiments, these relationships may be governed by informalrelationships, formal contracts, or confidentiality agreements.

Skilled practitioners of the art will recognize that while manytransactions may benefit from the decentralized approach typicallyimplemented by a public blockchain 912, others are more suited to beinghandled by an intermediary. Such intermediaries, while possibly addingadditional complexities and regulation, can often provide demonstrablevalue. In various embodiments, an intermediary associated with a privateblockchain 932 may have the ability to veto or rescind suspecttransactions, provide guarantees and indemnities, and deliver variousservices not generally available through a public blockchain 912.

Furthermore, private blockchains 932 have several advantages, includingthe use of cryptographic approaches known to those of skill in the artfor identity management and verification of transactions. Theseapproaches not only prevent the same transaction taking place twice,such as double-spending a digital currency, they also provide protectionagainst malicious activities intended to compromise a transaction bychanging its details. Moreover, permission controls typically associatedwith private blockchains can provide dynamic control over who canconnect, send, receive and enact individual transactions, based upon anynumber of parameters that may not be available or implementable inpublic blockchains. Accordingly, full control can be asserted over everyaspect of a blockchain's operation, not only in accordance with theconsensus of its various participants, but its administrativeintermediary as well.

In various embodiments, a hosted 911 or private 932 identity managementmodule is respectively implemented in the hosted 902 or private 922cognitive cloud environment to manage the identity of a user, group ororganization in the performance of blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight operations. In certain of these embodiments, the identitymanagement operations may include the use of cognitive personas,cognitive profiles, or a combination thereof, to performblockchain-associated cognitive insight operations associated with aparticular user, group or organization. In various embodiments, thehosted 911 or private 932 identity management module may be implementedto verify the identity of a user, group or organization in theperformance of a blockchain-associated cognitive insight operation.

In these various embodiments, the identity management operations mayinvolve the generation, and ongoing management, of private keys, sharedkeys, public/private key pairs, digital signatures, digitalcertificates, or any combination thereof, associated with a particularuser, group or organization. Likewise, in certain embodiments, theidentity management operations may involve the encryption of one or morecognitive insights, one or more smart contracts, or some combinationthereof, during the generation of a blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight. Those of skill in the art will recognize that many suchembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended tolimit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

As used herein, a hosted 914 or private 934 universal knowledgerepository broadly refers to a collection of knowledge elements that canbe used in various embodiments to generate one or more cognitiveinsights described in greater detail herein. In various embodiments,these knowledge elements may include facts (e.g., milk is a dairyproduct), information (e.g., an answer to a question), descriptions(e.g., the color of an automobile), skills (e.g., the ability to installplumbing fixtures), and other classes of knowledge familiar to those ofskill in the art. In these embodiments, the knowledge elements may beexplicit or implicit. As an example, the fact that water freezes at zerodegrees centigrade would be an explicit knowledge element, while thefact that an automobile mechanic knows how to repair an automobile wouldbe an implicit knowledge element.

In certain embodiments, the knowledge elements within a hosted 914 orprivate 934 universal knowledge repository may also include statements,assertions, beliefs, perceptions, preferences, sentiments, attitudes oropinions associated with a person or a group. As an example, user ‘A’may prefer the pizza served by a first restaurant, while user ‘B’ mayprefer the pizza served by a second restaurant. Furthermore, both user‘A’ and ‘B’ are firmly of the opinion that the first and secondrestaurants respectively serve the very best pizza available. In thisexample, the respective preferences and opinions of users ‘A’ and ‘B’regarding the first and second restaurant may be included in a universalknowledge repository as they are not contradictory. Instead, they aresimply knowledge elements respectively associated with the two users andcan be used in various embodiments for the generation of certaincognitive insights, as described in greater detail herein.

In various embodiments, individual knowledge elements respectivelyassociated with the hosted 914 and private 934 universal knowledgerepositories may be distributed. In one embodiment, the distributedknowledge elements may be stored in a plurality of data stores familiarto skilled practitioners of the art. In this embodiment, the distributedknowledge elements may be logically unified for various implementationsof the hosted 914 and private 934 universal knowledge repositories. Incertain embodiments, the hosted 914 and private 934 universal knowledgerepositories may be respectively implemented in the form of a hosted orprivate universal cognitive graph. In these embodiments, nodes withinthe hosted or private universal graph contain one or more knowledgeelements.

In various embodiments, a secure tunnel 942, such as a virtual privatenetwork (VPN) tunnel, is implemented to allow the hosted 904 cognitiveplatform and the private 924 cognitive platform to communicate with oneanother. In these various embodiments, the ability to communicate withone another allows the hosted 904 and private 924 cognitive platforms towork collaboratively when generating cognitive insights described ingreater detail herein. In certain embodiments, data associated with oneor more public 912 blockchains and one or more private 932 blockchainscan be exchanged through the implementation of a blockchain exchange948. In these embodiments, the implementation of such a blockchainexchange allows the hosted 904 cognitive platform access data associatedwith one or more private 932 blockchains, and conversely, the private924 cognitive platform to access data associated with one or more public912 blockchains. In certain of these embodiments, the blockchainexchange 948 may be implemented with permission and identity managementcontrols to determine the degree to which data associated with thepublic 912 and private 932 blockchains can be respectively accessed bythe private 924 and hosted 904 cognitive platforms.

In various embodiments, data associated with one or more publicblockchains 912 is stored as knowledge elements in the public 916blockchain knowledge repository. In certain embodiments, the public 916blockchain knowledge repository is implemented as a cognitive graph. Incertain embodiments, the hosted 904 cognitive platform accessesknowledge elements stored in the hosted 914 universal knowledgerepository, data stored in the repositories of curated public data 908or licensed data 910, or some combination thereof, to generate variouscognitive insights. In various embodiments, the hosted 904 cognitiveplatform accesses knowledge elements stored in the hosted 914 universalknowledge repository, public blockchain knowledge repository 916, datastored in the repositories of curated public data 908, licensed data910, public blockchain data 912, or some combination thereof, togenerate various blockchain-associated cognitive insights. In certainembodiments, the resulting cognitive insights, or blockchain-associatedcognitive insights, are then provided to the private 924 cognitiveplatform, which in turn provides them to the one or more private 938cognitive applications.

In various embodiments, data associated with one or more privateblockchains 932 is stored as knowledge elements in the private 936blockchain knowledge repository. In certain embodiments, the private 924cognitive platform accesses knowledge elements stored in the private 934universal knowledge repository, data stored in the repositories ofapplication data 928 or proprietary data 930, or some combinationthereof, to generate various cognitive insights. In various embodiments,the private 924 cognitive platform accesses knowledge elements stored inthe private 934 universal knowledge repository, private blockchainknowledge repository 936, data stored in the repositories of applicationdata 928, proprietary data 930, private blockchain data 932, or somecombination thereof, to generate various blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights. In certain embodiments, the resulting cognitive insights, orblockchain-associated cognitive insights, are then provided to theprivate 924 cognitive platform, which in turn provides them to the oneor more private 938 cognitive applications.

In various embodiments, the private 924 cognitive platform accessesknowledge elements stored in the hosted 914 and private 934 universalknowledge repositories and data stored in the repositories of curatedpublic data 908, licensed data 910, application data 928 and proprietarydata 930 to generate various cognitive insights. In certain embodiments,the private 924 cognitive platform accesses knowledge elements stored inthe hosted 914 and private 934 universal knowledge repositories,knowledge elements stored in the public 916 and private 936 blockchainknowledge repositories, data stored in the repositories of curatedpublic data 908, licensed data 910, public blockchain data 912,application data 928, proprietary data 930, private blockchain data 932,or some combination thereof to generate various blockchain-associatedcognitive insights. In these embodiments, the resulting cognitiveinsights, or blockchain-associated cognitive insights, are in turnprovided to the one or more private 938 cognitive applications.

In various embodiments, the secure tunnel 942 is implemented for thehosted 904 cognitive platform to provide 944 predetermined data andknowledge elements to the private 924 cognitive platform. In oneembodiment, the provision 944 of predetermined knowledge elements allowsthe hosted 914 universal knowledge repository to be replicated as theprivate 934 universal knowledge repository, and by extension, the public916 blockchain knowledge repository as the private 936 blockchainknowledge repository. In another embodiment, the provision 944 ofpredetermined knowledge elements allows the hosted 914 universalknowledge repository to provide updates 946 to the private 934 universalknowledge repository, and by extension, allows the public 916 blockchainknowledge repository to provide updates 946 to the private 936blockchain knowledge repository. In certain embodiments, the updates 946to the private 934 universal knowledge repository or the private 936blockchain knowledge repository do not overwrite other data. Instead,the updates 946 are simply added to the private 934 universal knowledgerepository or the private 936 blockchain knowledge repository.

In one embodiment, knowledge elements that are added to the private 934universal knowledge repository or the private 936 blockchain knowledgerepository are not respectively provided to the hosted 914 universalknowledge repository or the public 916 blockchain knowledge repository.As an example, an airline may not wish to share private informationrelated to its customer's flights, the price paid for tickets, theirawards program status, and so forth. In another embodiment,predetermined knowledge elements that are added to the private 934universal knowledge repository may be provided to the hosted 914universal knowledge repository. In yet another embodiment, predeterminedknowledge elements that are added to the private 936 blockchainknowledge repository may be provided to the hosted 916 blockchainknowledge repository. As an example, the operator of the private 924cognitive platform may decide to license predetermined knowledgeelements stored in the private 934 universal knowledge repository, orthe private 936 blockchain knowledge repository, to the operator of thehosted 904 cognitive platform. To continue the example, certainknowledge elements stored in the private 934 universal knowledgerepository, or the private 936 blockchain knowledge repository, may beanonymized prior to being respectively provided for inclusion in thehosted 914 universal knowledge repository or the public 916 blockchainknowledge repository.

In one embodiment, only private knowledge elements are stored in theprivate 934 universal knowledge repository or the private 936 blockchainknowledge repository. In this embodiment, the private 924 cognitiveplatform may use knowledge elements stored in both the hosted 914 andprivate 934 universal knowledge repositories to generate cognitiveinsights. In another embodiment, the private 924 cognitive platform mayuse knowledge elements stored in both the hosted 914 and private 934universal knowledge repositories, and the public 916 and private 936blockchain knowledge repositories, to generate blockchain-associatedcognitive insights. Skilled practitioners of the art will recognize thatmany such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is notintended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

FIG. 10 depicts a cognitive learning framework implemented in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention to perform cognitive learningoperations. As used herein, a cognitive learning operation broadlyrefers to the implementation of a cognitive learning technique,described in greater detail herein, to generate a cognitive learningresult. In various embodiments, the implementation of the learningtechnique is performed by a Cognitive Inference and Learning System(CILS), likewise described in greater detail herein.

In certain embodiments, the cognitive learning result is used by theCILS to update a knowledge model, described in greater detail herein. Invarious embodiments, the knowledge model is implemented as a universalknowledge repository, such as the hosted 914 and private 934 universalknowledge repositories depicted in FIG. 9, or the universal knowledgerepositories 1118 and 1280 respectively depicted in FIGS. 11b and 12a .In certain embodiments, the knowledge model is implemented as acognitive graph.

In various embodiments, the cognitive learning framework 1000 mayinclude various cognitive learning styles 1002 and cognitive learningcategories 1010. As used herein, a cognitive learning style broadlyrefers to a generalized learning approach implemented by a CILS toperform a cognitive learning operation. In various embodiments, thecognitive learning styles 1002 may include a declared 1004 cognitivelearning style, an observed 1006 cognitive learning style, and aninferred 1008 cognitive learning style.

As used herein, a declared 1004 cognitive learning style broadly refersto the use of declarative data by a CILS to perform a correspondingcognitive learning operation. In various embodiments, the declarativedata may be processed by the CILS as a statement, an assertion, or averifiable fact. For example, an electronic medical record (EMR) maycontain declarative data asserting that John Smith has Type 1 diabetes,which is a verifiable fact. As another example, a user may explicitlymake a declarative statement that they do not like sushi. As yet anotherexample, a blockchain familiar to those of skill in the art may containdeclarative data associated with a particular transaction representingan exchange of value between two blockchain participants.

Likewise, as used herein, an observed 1006 cognitive learning stylebroadly refers to the use of observed data by CILS to perform acorresponding cognitive learning operation. In various embodiments, theobserved data may include a pattern, a concept, or some combinationthereof. As an example, a CILS may receive and process a stream ofinformation, and over time, observe the formation of a discernablepattern, such as a user always ordering Chinese or Thai food fordelivery at lunchtime. In this example, the discerned pattern of theuser's ordering behavior may correspond to the concept that the user'slunchtime food preference is Asian cuisine. As another example, a seriesof transactions may be iteratively appended to a given blockchain. Inthis example, the discerned pattern of the transactions may correspondto buying patterns of an individual, a group of users, or anorganization.

In certain embodiments, a concept may include an observation of the useof certain words in a particular context. For example, the use of theword “haircut” in a financial text may refer to the difference betweenthe market value of an asset used as loan collateral and the amount ofthe loan, as opposed to a service performed by a hair stylist. In thisexample, natural language processing (NLP) approaches known to those ofskill in the art are implemented by the CILS during the performance ofcognitive learning operations to determine the context in which the word“haircut” is used.

As likewise used herein, an inferred 1008 cognitive learning stylebroadly refers to the use of inferred data by a CILS to perform acorresponding cognitive learning operation. In various embodiments theinferred data may include data inferred from the processing of sourcedata. In certain embodiments, the source data may include dataassociated with one or more blockchains. In various embodiments, theinferred data may include concepts that are inferred from the processingof other concepts. In these embodiments, the inferred data resultingfrom the processing of the source data, the concepts, or a combinationthereof, may result in the provision of new information that was not inthe source data or other concepts. In certain embodiments, this newinformation is provided as a blockchain-associated cognitive insight,described in greater detail herein.

As an example, a user's selection of a particular accommodation in aresort area during a holiday may result in an inference they preferstaying at a bed and breakfast while on personal travel. Likewise, theselection of a four star accommodation in a downtown area on a weekdaymay result in an inference the same user prefers a luxury hotel while onbusiness travel. In this example, the user may not declaratively statean accommodation preference for a given type of travel. To continue theexample, the inference that the user prefers a luxury hotel while onbusiness travel may result in a blockchain-associated cognitive insightcontaining a smart contract that can be executed at the discretion ofthe user to automatically book and pay for a room at a selected hotel.However, there may be insufficient data to observe a particularaccommodation preference, regardless of the type of travel.

In various embodiments, each of the cognitive learning styles 1002 maybe associated with the use of a particular set of processing resourcesto perform a corresponding cognitive learning operation. As an example,the observed 1006 cognitive learning style may require more, ordifferent, processing resources than the declared 1004 cognitivelearning style. Likewise, the inferred 1008 cognitive learning style mayrequire more, or different, processing resources than either thedeclared 1004 or observed 1006 cognitive learning styles. The particularresources used by each of cognitive learning styles 1002 is a matter ofdesign choice.

As used herein, a cognitive learning category 1010 broadly refers to asource of information used by a CILS to perform cognitive learningoperations. In various embodiments, the cognitive learning categories1010 may include a data-based 1012 cognitive learning category and aninteraction-based 1014 cognitive learning category. As used herein, adata-based 1012 cognitive learning category broadly refers to the use ofdata as a source of information in the performance of a cognitivelearning operation by a CILS.

In various embodiments, the data may be provided to the CILS inreal-time, near real-time, or batch mode as it is performing cognitivelearning operations. In certain embodiments, the data may be provided tothe CILS as a result of a query generated by the CILS. In variousembodiments, the data is provided to the CILS by a cognitive agent,described in greater detail herein. In one embodiment, the cognitiveagent is a learning agent, likewise described in greater detail herein.

In certain embodiments, the data may be multi-structured data. In theseembodiments, the multi-structured data may include unstructured data(e.g., a document), semi-structured data (e.g., a social media post),and structured data (e.g., a string, an integer, etc.), such as datastored in a relational database management system (RDBMS). In variousembodiments, the data may be sourced from a blockchain. In certainembodiments, the data may be public, private, or a combination thereof.In various embodiments the data may be provided by a device, stored in adata lake, a data warehouse, or some combination thereof.

As likewise used herein, an interaction-based 1014 cognitive learningcategory broadly refers to the use of one or more results of aninteraction as a source of information used by a CILS to perform acognitive learning operation. In various embodiments, the interactionmay be between any combination of devices, applications, services,processes, or users. In certain embodiments, the results of theinteraction may be provided in the form of feedback data to the CILS.

In various embodiments, the interaction may be explicitly or implicitlyinitiated by the provision of input data to the devices, applications,services, processes or users. In certain embodiments, the input data maybe provided in response to a blockchain-associated cognitive insight, ora composite cognitive insight, provided by a CILS. In one embodiment,the input data may include a user gesture, such as a key stroke, mouseclick, finger swipe, or eye movement. In another embodiment, the inputdata may include a voice command from a user. In yet another embodiment,the input data may include data associated with a user, such asbiometric data (e.g., retina scan, fingerprint, body temperature, pulserate, etc.).

In yet still another embodiment, the input data may includeenvironmental data (e.g., current temperature, etc.), location data(e.g., geographical positioning system coordinates, etc.), device data(e.g., telemetry data, etc.), blockchain data (e.g., transaction dataassociated with a blockchain), or other data provided by a device,application, service, process or user. Those of skill in the art willrealize that many such embodiments of cognitive learning styles 1002 andcognitive learning categories 1010 are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention.

As used herein, a cognitive learning technique refers to the use of acognitive learning style, in combination with a cognitive learningcategory, to perform a cognitive learning operation. In variousembodiments, individual cognitive learning techniques associated with aprimary cognitive learning style are respectively bounded by anassociated primary cognitive learning category. For example, as shown inFIG. 10, the direct correlations 1024 and explicit likes/dislikes 1026cognitive learning techniques are both associated with the declared 1004learning style and respectively bounded by the data-based 1012 andinteraction-based 1014 cognitive learning categories.

As likewise shown in FIG. 10, the patterns and concepts 1028 andbehavior 1030 cognitive learning techniques are both associated with theobserved 1006 cognitive learning style and likewise respectively boundedby the data-based 1012 and interaction-based 1014 cognitive learningcategories. Likewise, as shown in FIG. 10, the concept entailment 1032and contextual recommendation 1034 cognitive learning techniques areboth associated with the inferred 1008 cognitive learning style andlikewise respectively bounded by the data-based 1012 andinteraction-based 1014 cognitive learning categories.

As used herein, a direct correlations 1024 cognitive learning techniquebroadly refers to the implementation of a declared 1004 cognitivelearning style, bounded by a data-based 1012 cognitive learningcategory, to perform cognitive learning operations related to directcorrelations. Examples of direct correlation include statisticalrelationships involving dependence, such as the correlation between thestature or other physical characteristics of parents and theirbiological offspring. Another example of direct correlation would be thecorrelation between the resulting demand for a particular productoffered at a particular price in a corresponding geographic market.

As yet another example, a spreadsheet may contain three columns of data,none of which have an associated column header. The first and secondcolumns may contain names and the third column may contain dates. Inthis example, the first column may include names that are commonly usedas first names (e.g., Bob, Mary, etc.) and the second column may includenames that are commonly used as last names (e.g., Smith, Jones, etc.).As a result, there is a statistical likelihood that the third column maycontain birthdates that directly correlate to the first and last namesin the first and second columns.

As yet still another example, a blockchain may contain a series oftransactions, each of which include a smart contract, described ingreater detail herein. In this example, originators and recipients ofthe various transactions may be different, yet their associated smartcontracts may essentially be the same. Accordingly, there is astatistical likelihood that that the originators and recipients of thetransactions have a commonality that may be discerned from cognitiveanalysis of blockchain data associated with a blockchain transaction. Asused herein, cognitive analysis of blockchain data broadly refers to theanalysis of various data and metadata associated with an entireblockchain, individual blocks therein, blockchain transactionsassociated with a particular blockchain block, or a smart contractassociated with a particular transaction. In various embodiments, thecognitive analysis of blockchain data is used in the performance ofvarious cognitive learning styles 1002, described in greater detailherein.

As used herein, an explicit likes/dislikes 1026 cognitive learningtechnique broadly refers to the implementation of a declared 1012cognitive learning style, bounded by an interaction-based 1014 cognitivelearning category, to perform cognitive learning operations related to auser's explicit likes/dislikes. In various embodiments, a user'sexplicit likes/dislikes may be declaratively indicated through thereceipt of user input data, described in greater detail herein.

For example, an online shopper may select a first pair of shoes that areavailable in a white, black and brown. The user then elects to view alarger photo of the first pair of shoes, first in white, then in black,but not brown. To continue the example, the user then selects a secondpair of shoes that are likewise available in white, black and brown. Asbefore, the user elects to view a larger photo of the second pair ofshoes, first in white, then in black, but once again, not brown. In thisexample, the user's online interaction indicates an explicit like forwhite and black shoes and an explicit dislike for brown shoes.

As used herein, a patterns and concepts 1028 cognitive learningtechnique broadly refers to the implementation of an observed 1006cognitive learning style, bounded by a data-based 1012 cognitivelearning category, to perform cognitive learning operations related tothe observation of patterns and concepts. As an example, a databaserecord may include information related to various credit card orblockchain transactions associated with a user. In this example, apattern may be observed within the credit card or blockchaintransactions that the user always uses rental cars when travelingbetween cities in California, but always uses trains when travelingbetween cities in New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania. By extension,this pattern may correspond to a concept that the user prefersautomobile transportation when traveling between cities on the Westcoast, but prefers train transportation when traveling between cities onthe East coast.

As another example, a CILS may receive and process a stream ofinformation, and over time, observe the formation of a discernablepattern, such as a user always selecting an Italian restaurant whensearching online for nearby places to eat. To continue the example, theCILS may observe that the user consistently orders a Neapolitan pizzafrom a particular Italian restaurant when location data received fromtheir mobile device indicates the user is in close proximity to therestaurant every Thursday. In this example, the discerned pattern of theuser's behavior in consistently ordering a Neapolitan pizza from aparticular restaurant when in close proximity on Thursdays maycorrespond to the concept that the user's food preference on Thursdaysis Italian cuisine.

As used herein, a behavior 1030 cognitive learning technique broadlyrefers to the implementation of an observed 1012 cognitive learningstyle, bounded by an interaction-based 1008 cognitive learning category,to perform cognitive learning operations related to observed behaviors.In various embodiments, the observed behavior associated with aninteraction corresponds to various input data, likewise described ingreater detail herein. In certain embodiments, the observed behaviorsmay include observed behavior associated with interactions, described ingreater detail herein.

For example, a user may consistently place an online order for Mexican,Thai or Indian food to be delivered to their home in the evening. Tocontinue the example, promotional offers for fried chicken or seafoodare consistently ignored in the evening, yet consistently accepted atlunchtime. Furthermore, the observed behavior of the user is to acceptthe promotional offer that provides the most food at the lowest cost. Inthis example, the user's observed online behavior indicates a preferencefor spicy food in the evenings, regardless of price. Likewise, theuser's observed online behavior may indicate a preference for low cost,non-spicy foods for lunch.

As used herein, a concept entailment 1032 cognitive learning techniquebroadly refers to the implementation of an inferred 1008 cognitivelearning style, bounded by a data-based 1012 cognitive learningcategory, to perform cognitive learning operations related to conceptentailment. As likewise used herein, concept entailment broadly refersto the concept of understanding language, within the context of onepiece of information being related to another. For example, if astatement is made that implies ‘x’, and ‘x’ is known to imply ‘y’, thenby extension, the statement may imply ‘y’ as well. In this example,there is a chaining of evidence between the statement, ‘x’, and ‘y’ thatmay result in a conclusion supported by the chain of evidence. Asanother example, based upon the study of philosophy, the statement thatSocrates is a person, and all people are mortal, then the implication isthat Socrates is mortal.

As yet another example, psycho-social healthcare notes associated with aspecial needs child may include information resulting from a careprovider interviewing various family members. In this example, theconcept entailment 1032 cognitive learning technique may be used by theCILS to process the notes. As a result, a set of risk factors, such astransportation challenges, education situations, the potential fordomestic abuse, and so forth, may be inferred that were not in theoriginal notes.

To continue the example, if the mother of a special needs child makes astatement that the family car is broken, then the statement implies thatthere may be a transportation issue. By extension, a transportationissue may imply that the mother may be unable to get the child to thehealthcare facility. Further, the inability of the child to get to thehealthcare facility may imply missing an appointment, which in turn mayimply that the child may not receive the care they have been prescribed.Taking the example one step further, if the child misses theirappointment, not only would they not receive their prescribed care, buthealthcare resources may not be used as optimally as possible.

As used herein, a contextual recommendation 1034 cognitive learningtechnique broadly refers to the implementation of an inferred 1008cognitive learning style, bounded by an interaction-based 1014 cognitivelearning category, to perform cognitive learning operations related tocontextual recommendations provided to a user. As likewise used herein,a contextual recommendation broadly refers to a recommendation made to auser based upon a particular context.

As an example, a user may perform an online search for a casual,affordable restaurant that is nearby. To continue the example, the useris currently on a low-sodium, gluten-free diet that has been prescribedby their healthcare provider. Additionally, the healthcare provider hasrecommended that the user walk at least two miles every day. To furthercontinue the example, there may be five casual, affordable restaurantsthat are in close proximity to the location coordinates provided by theuser's mobile device, all of which are presented to the user forconsideration.

In response, the user further requests distance information to each ofthe restaurants, followed by a request to show only those restaurantsoffering low-sodium, gluten free menu items. As a result of the userinteraction, the CILS responds with directions to the only restaurantoffering low-sodium, gluten-free dishes. Further, the CILS may recommendthe user try a Mediterranean dish, as past interactions has indicatedthat the user enjoys Mediterranean cuisine. In this example, thecontextual recommendation is inferred from a series of interactions withthe user.

As a continuation of a prior example, a special needs child may have anappointment at a healthcare facility for a prescribed procedure.However, there is a transportation issue, due to the family automobilebeing broken. In this example, the inference is the child will misstheir appointment unless alternative transportation is arranged.Continuing the example, a contextual recommendation may be made to askthe healthcare facility to provide alternative transportation at theirexpense, which could then be interactively offered to the patient'smother, who in turn may accept the offer.

In various embodiments, machine learning algorithms 1016 arerespectively implemented with a cognitive learning technique by a CILSwhen performing cognitive learning operations. In one embodiment, asupervised learning 1018 machine learning algorithm may be implementedwith a direct correlations 1024 cognitive learning technique, anexplicit likes/dislikes 1026 cognitive learning technique, or both.

In another embodiment, an unsupervised learning 1020 machine learningalgorithm may be implemented with a patterns and concepts 1028 cognitivelearning technique, a behavior 1030 cognitive learning technique, orboth. In yet another embodiment, a probabilistic reasoning 1022 machinelearning algorithm may be implemented with a concept entailment 1032cognitive learning technique, a contextual recommendation 1034 cognitivelearning technique, or both. Skilled practitioners of the art willrecognize that many such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention.

As used herein, a supervised learning 1018 machine learning algorithmbroadly refers to a machine learning approach for inferring a functionfrom labeled training data. The training data typically consists of aset of training examples, with each example consisting of an inputobject (e.g., a vector) and a desired output value (e.g., a supervisorysignal). In various embodiments, the training data is data associatedwith a blockchain. In certain embodiments, a supervised learningalgorithm is implemented to analyze the training data and produce aninferred function, which can be used for mapping new examples.

As used herein, an unsupervised learning 1020 machine learning algorithmbroadly refers to a machine learning approach for finding non-obvious orhidden structures within a set of unlabeled data. In variousembodiments, the unsupervised learning 1020 machine learning algorithmis not given a set of training examples. Instead, it attempts tosummarize and explain key features of the data it processes. In certainembodiments, the unlabeled data is associated with a blockchain.Examples of unsupervised learning approaches include clustering (e.g.,k-means, mixture models, hierarchical clustering, etc.) and latentvariable models (e.g., expectation-maximization algorithms, method ofmoments, blind signal separation techniques, etc.).

As used herein, a probabilistic reasoning 1022 machine learningalgorithm broadly refers to a machine learning approach that combinesthe ability of probability theory to handle uncertainty with the abilityof deductive logic to exploit structure. In various embodiments theexploited structure is associated with a blockchain. More specifically,probabilistic reasoning attempts to find a natural extension oftraditional logic truth tables. The results they define are derivedthrough probabilistic expressions instead.

In various embodiments, reinforcement learning 1036 approaches areimplemented by a CILS in combination with a patterns and concepts 1028,a behavior 1030, a concept entailment 1032, or a contextualizationrecommendation 1034 cognitive learning technique when performingcognitive learning operations. As used herein, reinforcement learningbroadly refers to machine learning approaches inspired by behavioristpsychology, where software agents take actions within an environment tomaximize a notion of cumulative reward. Those of skill in the art willbe familiar with such reinforcement approaches, which are commonly usedin game theory, control theory, operations research, information theory,simulation-based optimization, multi-agent systems, swarm intelligence,statistics, and genetic algorithms.

In certain embodiments, a particular cognitive learning technique mayinclude the implementation of certain aspects of a secondary cognitivelearning style, aspects of a secondary learning category, or acombination thereof. As an example, the patterns and concepts 1028cognitive learning technique may include implementation of certainaspects of the direct correlations 1024 and concept entailment 1032cognitive learning techniques, and by extension, implementation ofcertain aspects of the declared 804 and inferred 1008 cognitive learningstyles.

As another example, the explicit likes/dislikes 1026 cognitive learningtechnique may include implementation of certain aspects of the directcorrelations 1024 learning technique, and by extension, implementationof certain aspects of the declared 1004 cognitive learning style. As yetanother example, the behavior 1030 cognitive learning technique mayinclude certain aspects of both the patterns an concepts 1028 andexplicit likes/dislikes 1026 cognitive learning techniques, and byextension, implementation of certain aspects the data-based 1012cognitive learning category. Skilled practitioners of art will recognizethat many such examples are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is notintended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, the data-based 1012 cognitive learning category,machine learning algorithms 1016, and the interaction-based 1014cognitive learning category are respectively associated with the source1040, process 1042 and deliver 1044 steps of a cognitive learningprocess. As used herein, a cognitive learning process broadly refers toa series of cognitive learning steps performed by a CILS to generate acognitive learning result.

As likewise used herein, a source 1040 step of a cognitive learningprocess broadly refers to operations associated with the acquisition ofdata used by a CILS to perform a cognitive learning operation. Likewise,as used herein, a process 1042 step of a cognitive learning processbroadly refers to the use of individual machine learning algorithms 1016by a CILS to perform cognitive learning operations. As likewise usedherein, a deliver 1044 step of a cognitive learning process broadlyrefers to the delivery of a cognitive insight, which results in aninteraction, described in greater detail herein. Information related to,or resulting from, the interaction is then used by a CILS to performcognitive learning operations.

In various embodiments, the cognitive insight is delivered to a device,an application, a service, a process, a blockchain, a user, or acombination thereof. In certain embodiments, the resulting interactioninformation is likewise received by a CILS from a device, anapplication, a service, a process, a blockchain, a user, or acombination thereof. In various embodiments, the resulting interactioninformation is provided in the form of feedback data to the CILS. Inthese embodiments, the method by which the cognitive learning process,and its associated cognitive learning steps, is implemented is a matterof design choice. Skilled practitioners of the art will recognize thatmany such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is notintended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

FIGS. 11a and 11b are a simplified block diagram of a Cognitive Learningand Inference System (CILS) implemented in accordance with an embodimentof the invention to manage the performance of blockchain-associatedcognitive learning operations throughout their lifecycle. In variousembodiments, individual elements of a CILS are implemented within amassively parallel and portable cloud insights fabric 1102. In thisembodiment, the individual elements of the CILS include repositories ofmulti-structured data 1104, a universal knowledge repository 1118,various shared analytics services 1130, a deep cognition engine 1144,and a cognitive insights as a service 1146 module.

In various embodiments, the repositories of multi-structured data 1104may include public 1106, proprietary 1108, social 1110, device 1112, andother types of data. Examples of such data include emails, social mediafeeds, news feeds, blogs, doctor's notes, transaction records,blockchain transactions, call logs, and device telemetry streams. Inthese embodiments, the repositories of multi-structured data 1104 mayinclude unstructured data (e.g., a document), semi-structured data(e.g., a social media post), and structured data (e.g., a string, aninteger, etc.), such as data stored in a relational database managementsystem (RDBMS) or a blockchain. In various embodiments, such data may bestored in a data lake 1114, a data warehouse 1116, a blockchain 1117, orsome combination thereof.

As shown in FIG. 11b , the universal knowledge repository 1118 includesvarious cognitive agents 1120, described in greater detail herein, datasubscription services 1122, and a cognitive knowledge model 1124. Incertain embodiments, the cognitive agents 1120 include a learning agent.As likewise shown in FIG. 11, the universal knowledge repository alsoincludes a fault-tolerant data compute architecture 1126, familiar tothose of skill in the art, and a data sovereignty, security, lineage andtraceability system 1128.

In various embodiments, individual data subscription services 1122 areimplemented to deliver 1156 data on an event-driven basis to the variousshared analytics services 1130. In these embodiments, the data providedto the shared analytics services 1130 is retrieved from the cognitiveknowledge model 1124. In various embodiments, the cognitive knowledgemodel 1124 is implemented as one or more cognitive graphs. In certainembodiments, the cognitive graph may be implemented as an applicationcognitive graph, a cognitive session graph, a cognitive persona, or acognitive profile, all of which are described in greater detail herein.The method by which the data is provided to the shared analyticsservices 1130 by the individual data subscription services 1122 is amatter of design choice.

In various embodiments, the fault-tolerant data compute architecture1126 is implemented to provide an operational framework capable ofreliably supporting the other elements of the universal knowledgerepository 1118. In these embodiments, fault-tolerant approachesfamiliar to those of skill in the art are implemented to accommodateneeds to perform various cognitive learning operations described ingreater detail herein. The method by which these approaches areimplemented is a matter of design choice.

In various embodiments, the data sovereignty, security, lineage andtraceability system 1128 is implemented to ensure that data ownershiprights are observed, data privacy is safeguarded, and data integrity isnot compromised. In certain embodiments, data sovereignty, security,lineage and traceability system 1128 is likewise implemented to providea record of not only the source of the data throughout its lifecycle,but also how it has been used, by whom, and for what purpose. Those ofskill in the art will recognize many such embodiments are possible.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention.

In this embodiment, the shared analytics services 1130 includes NaturalLanguage Processing (NLP) 1132 services, development services 1134,models-as-a-service 1136, management services 1138, profile services1140, and ecosystem services 1142. In various embodiments, the NLP 1132services include services related to the provision and management of NLPapproaches and processes known to skilled practitioners of the art. Inthese embodiments, NLP 1132 services are implemented by a CILS duringthe performance of cognitive learning operations, as described ingreater detail herein. The method by which individual NLP 1132 servicesare implemented by the CILS is a matter of design choice.

In various embodiments, the development services 1134 include servicesrelated to the management of data and models as they relate to thedevelopment of various analytic approaches known skilled practitionersof the art. In certain embodiments, the models-as-a-service 1136includes services for the management and provision of a model. Invarious embodiments, the models as a service 1136 may be implemented tocreate and provide a model composed of other models. In this embodiment,the method by which the models-as-a-service 1136 is implemented tocreate and provide such a composite model is a matter of design choice.In certain embodiments, the management services 1138 include servicesrelated to the management and provision of individual servicesassociated with, or a part of, the shared analytics services 1130.

In various embodiments, the profile services 1140 include servicesrelated to the provision and management of cognitive personas andcognitive profiles used by a CILS when performing a cognitive learningoperation. As used herein, a cognitive persona broadly refers to anarchetype user model that represents a common set of attributesassociated with a hypothesized group of users. In various embodiments,the common set of attributes may be described through the use ofdemographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioristic, and otherinformation. As an example, the demographic information may include agebrackets (e.g., 25 to 34 years old), gender, marital status (e.g.,single, married, divorced, etc.), family size, income brackets,occupational classifications, educational achievement, and so forth.Likewise, the geographic information may include the cognitive persona'stypical living and working locations (e.g., rural, semi-rural, suburban,urban, etc.) as well as characteristics associated with individuallocations (e.g., parochial, cosmopolitan, population density, etc.).

The psychographic information may likewise include information relatedto social class (e.g., upper, middle, lower, etc.), lifestyle (e.g.,active, healthy, sedentary, reclusive, etc.), interests (e.g., music,art, sports, etc.), and activities (e.g., hobbies, travel, going tomovies or the theatre, etc.). Other psychographic information may berelated to opinions, attitudes (e.g., conservative, liberal, etc.),preferences, motivations (e.g., living sustainably, exploring newlocations, etc.), and personality characteristics (e.g., extroverted,introverted, etc.) Likewise, the behavioristic information may includeinformation related to knowledge and attitude towards variousmanufacturers or organizations and the products or services they mayprovide.

In various embodiments, the behavioristic information is used by abehavior learning technique, described in greater detail herein, in theperformance of a cognitive learning operation. To continue the example,the behavioristic information may be related to brand loyalty, interestin purchasing a product or using a service, usage rates, perceivedbenefits, and so forth. Skilled practitioners of the art will recognizethat many such attributes are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing isnot intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, one or more cognitive personas may be associatedwith a particular user. In certain embodiments, a cognitive persona isselected and then used by a CILS to generate one or moreblockchain-associated cognitive insights as described in greater detailherein. In these embodiments, the blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights that are generated for a user as a result of using a firstcognitive persona may be different than the blockchain-associatedcognitive insights that are generated as a result of using a secondcognitive persona. In various embodiments, a cognitive identitymanagement module 1149 is implemented to access cognitive persona andcognitive profile information associated with a user. In certainembodiments, the cognitive identity management module 1149 isimplemented to verify the identity of a particular user.

In various embodiments, provision of blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights, or composite cognitive insights, results in the CILS receivingfeedback 1158 data from various individual users and other sources, suchas cognitive applications 1148. In one embodiment, the feedback 1158data is used to revise or modify a cognitive persona. In anotherembodiment, the feedback 1158 data is used to create a new cognitivepersona. In yet another embodiment, the feedback 1158 data is used tocreate one or more associated cognitive personas, which inherit a commonset of attributes from a source cognitive persona. In one embodiment,the feedback 1158 data is used to create a new cognitive persona thatcombines attributes from two or more source cognitive personas. Inanother embodiment, the feedback 1158 data is used to create a cognitiveprofile, described in greater detail herein, based upon the cognitivepersona. Those of skill in the art will realize that many suchembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended tolimit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

As used herein, a cognitive profile refers to an instance of a cognitivepersona that references personal data associated with a particular user.In various embodiments, the personal data may include the user's name,address, Social Security Number (SSN), age, gender, marital status,occupation, employer, income, education, skills, knowledge, interests,preferences, likes and dislikes, goals and plans, and so forth. Incertain embodiments, the personal data may include data associated withthe user's interaction with a CILS and related blockchain-associatedcognitive insights that are generated and provided to the user. Invarious embodiments, the user's interaction with a CILS may be providedto the CILS as feedback 1158 data.

In various embodiments, the personal data may be distributed. In certainof these embodiments, subsets of the distributed personal data may belogically aggregated to generate one or more cognitive profiles, each ofwhich is associated with the user. In various embodiments, subsets of acognitive persona or cognitive profile associated with a user are usedin the generation of a blockchain-associated cognitive insight, asdescribed in greater detail herein. In certain embodiments, the subsetsof a cognitive persona or cognitive profile associated with a user areused in combination with a smart contract to conduct a blockchaintransaction associated with a blockchain-associated cognitive insight.Skilled practitioners of the art will recognize that many suchembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended tolimit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, a cognitive persona or cognitive profile isdefined by a first set of nodes in a weighted cognitive graph. In theseembodiments, the cognitive persona or cognitive profile is furtherdefined by a set of attributes that are respectively associated with aset of corresponding nodes in the weighted cognitive graph. In variousembodiments, an attribute weight is used to represent a relevance valuebetween two attributes. For example, a higher numeric value (e.g.,‘5.0’) associated with an attribute weight may indicate a higher degreeof relevance between two attributes, while a lower numeric value (e.g.,‘0.5’) may indicate a lower degree of relevance.

In various embodiments, the numeric value associated with attributeweights may change as a result of the performance ofblockchain-associated cognitive insight and feedback 1158 operationsdescribed in greater detail herein. In one embodiment, the changednumeric values associated with the attribute weights may be used tomodify an existing cognitive persona or cognitive profile. In anotherembodiment, the changed numeric values associated with the attributeweights may be used to generate a new cognitive persona or cognitiveprofile. In certain embodiments, various ecosystem services 1142 areimplemented to manage various aspects of the CILS infrastructure, suchas interaction with external services. The method by which these variousaspects are managed is a matter of design choice.

In various embodiments, the deep cognition engine 1144 is implemented toprovide deep contextual understanding and interpretation as variouscognitive learning operations, described in greater detail herein, arebeing performed by a CILS. In certain embodiments, the deep cognitionengine 1144 may include a perceive 506 phase, a relate 508 phase, anoperate 510 phase, a process and execute 512 phase, and a learn 514phase. In various embodiments, streams of data are sourced from therepositories of multi-structured data 1104 are delivered 1156 bysourcing agents, described in greater detail herein to the deepcognition engine 1144. In these embodiments, the source streams of dataare dynamically ingested in real-time during the perceive 506 phase, andbased upon a particular context, extraction, parsing, and taggingoperations are performed on language, text and images contained therein.

Automatic feature extraction and modeling operations are then performedwith the previously processed source streams of data during the relate508 phase to generate queries to identify related data. In variousembodiments, cognitive learning operations are performed during theoperate 510 phase to discover, summarize and prioritize variousconcepts, described in greater detail herein, which are in turn used togenerate actionable recommendations and notifications associated. Theresulting actionable recommendations and notifications are thenprocessed during the process and execute 512 phase to deliver 1156blockchain-associated cognitive insights, such as recommendations, tothe cognitive insights as a service 1146 module.

In various embodiments, features from newly-observed data areautomatically extracted from user interaction 950 during the learn 514phase to improve various analytical models. In these embodiments, thelearn 514 phase includes feedback 1158 data associated with observationsgenerated during the relate 508 phase, which is provided to the perceive506 phase. Likewise, feedback 1158 data on decisions resulting fromoperations performed during the operate 510 phase, and feedback 1158data related to results resulting from operations performed during theprocess and execute 512 phase, are also provided to the perceive 506phase.

In various embodiments, user interactions 950 result from operationsperformed during the process and execute 512 phase. In theseembodiments, data associated with the user interactions 1150 is providedas feedback 1158 data to the perceive 506 phase. As an example, a firstquery from a user may be submitted to the CILS system, which in turngenerates a first cognitive insight, which is then provided to the user.In response, the user may respond by providing a first response, orperhaps a second query, either of which is provided in the same contextas the first query. The CILS receives the first response or secondquery, performs various cognitive learning operations, and provides theuser a second cognitive insight. As before, the user may respond with asecond response or a third query, in the context of the first or secondquery. Once again, the CILS performs various cognitive learningoperations and provides the user a third cognitive insight, and soforth.

In various embodiments, data may be delivered 1156 from the repositoriesof multi-structured data 1104 to the universal knowledge repository1118, which in turn may deliver 1156 data to individual shared analyticsservices 1130. In turn, individual shared analytics services 1130 maydeliver 1156 resulting data to the deep cognition engine 1144. Likewise,the deep cognition engine 1144 may in turn deliver 1156 data to thecognitive insights as a service 1146. In turn, the cognitive insights asa service 1146 module may deliver data to various cognitive applications1148.

In certain embodiments, the data delivered 1156 by the cognitiveinsights as a service 1146 to the various cognitive applications 1148includes blockchain-associated cognitive insights, described in greaterdetail herein. In various embodiments, the various cognitiveapplications 1148 may provide data, including blockchain-associatedcognitive insights and composite cognitive insights for interaction1150, described in greater detail herein. In certain embodiments, theinteraction may include user interaction resulting in the provision ofuser input data, likewise described in greater detail herein.

In various embodiments, the interaction results in the provision offeedback 1158 data to the various cognitive applications 1148, where itmay be provided as feedback 1158 data to the cognitive insights as aservice 1146 module. Likewise, the cognitive insights as a service 1146module may provide resulting feedback 1158 data to the deep cognitionengine 1144 for processing. In turn, the deep cognition engine 1144 mayprovide resulting feedback 1158 data to individual shared analyticsservices 1130, which likewise may provide resulting feedback 1158 datato the universal knowledge repository 1118.

In certain embodiments, the feedback 1158 data provided to the universalknowledge repository 1118 is used, as described in greater detailherein, to update the cognitive knowledge model 1124. In variousembodiments, the universal knowledge repository 1118 may likewiseprovide feedback 1158 data to various repositories of multi-structureddata 1104. In certain embodiments, the feedback 1158 data is used toupdate repositories of multi-structured data 1104. In these embodiments,the feedback 1158 data may include updated data, new data, metadata, ora combination thereof.

In various embodiments, a first CILS element may iteratively deliver1156 data to, and receive resulting feedback 1158 data from, a secondCILS element prior to the second CILS element delivers data to a thirdCILS element. As an example, the universal knowledge repository 1118 maydeliver 1156 a first set of data to the NLP services 1132, which resultsin a first set of feedback 1158 data being returned to the universalknowledge repository 1118. As a result of receiving the first set offeedback 1158 data, the universal knowledge repository 1118 may providea second set of data to the models-as-a-service 1136, which results inthe generation of a second set of data. In this example, the second setof data is then delivered 1156 to the deep cognition engine 1144.

In one embodiment, the feedback 1158 data received as a result of aninteraction 1150 is provided to each of the individual CILS elements. Inanother embodiment, feedback 1158 data received from one CILS element ismodified before it is provided as modified feedback 1158 data to anotherCILS element. In yet another embodiment, feedback 1158 data receivedfrom one CILS element is not modified before it is provided asunmodified feedback 1158 data to another CILS element. Skilledpractitioners will recognize that many such embodiments are possible.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention.

In various embodiments, the CILS is implemented to manage the lifecycle1160 of a cognitive learning operation. In this embodiment, thecognitive learning operation lifecycle 1160 includes a source 1162, alearn 1165, an infer 1166, an interpret 1168 and an act 1170 lifecyclephase. As shown in FIG. 11, the source 1162, the learn 1165, the infer1166, the interpret 1168, and act 1170 lifecycle phases can interactwith one another by providing and receiving data between adjacentphases. In addition, the act 1170 phase can provide data to the source1162 phase. In certain embodiments, the data the act 1107 phase providesto the source 1162 phase included feedback data resulting from aninteraction, described in greater detail herein.

In various embodiments, the source 1162 lifecycle phase is implementedto acquire data from the repositories of multi-structured data 1104,which in turn is provided to the universal knowledge repository 1118. Inone embodiment, the data is provided to the cognitive knowledge model1124 via the implementation of the fault-tolerant data computearchitecture 1126. In another embodiment, the data sovereignty,security, lineage and traceability system 1128 is implemented to ensurethat data ownership rights are observed, data privacy is safeguarded,and data integrity is not compromised during the source 1162 lifecyclephase. In certain embodiments, data sovereignty, security, lineage andtraceability system 1128 is likewise implemented to provide a record ofnot only the source of the data throughout its lifecycle, but also howit has been used, by whom, and for what purpose.

In various embodiments, the learn 1164 lifecycle phase is implemented tomanage cognitive learning operations being performed by a CILS, asdescribed in greater detail herein. In certain embodiments, cognitiveagents 1120 are used in the performance of these cognitive learningoperations. In one embodiment, a learning agent is used in theperformance of certain cognitive learning operations, as described ingreater detail herein.

In various embodiments, the infer 1166 lifecycle phase is implemented toperform cognitive learning operations, described in greater detailherein. In certain embodiments, an inferred learning style, described ingreater detail herein, is implemented by the CILS to perform thesecognitive learning operations. In one embodiment, a concept entailmentcognitive learning technique is implemented by the CILS to perform acognitive learning operation in the infer 1166 lifecycle phase. Inanother embodiment, a contextual recommendation cognitive learningtechnique is implemented by the CILS to perform a cognitive learningoperation in the infer 1166 lifecycle phase.

In these embodiments, the CILS may implement a probabilistic reasoningmachine learning algorithm, described in greater detail herein, incombination with the concept entailment or contextual recommendationcognitive learning technique. In certain embodiments, the CILS mayimplement a reinforcement learning approach, likewise described ingreater detail herein, in combination with the concept entailment orcontextual recommendation cognitive learning technique. Skilledpractitioners of the art will recognize that many such embodiments arepossible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit thespirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, the interpret 1168 lifecycle phase isimplemented to interpret the results of a cognitive learning operationsuch that they are consumable by a recipient, and by extension, presentit in a form that is actionable in the act 1170 lifecycle phase. Invarious embodiments, the act 1170 lifecycle phase is implemented tosupport an interaction 1150, described in greater detail herein. Incertain embodiments, the interaction 1150 includes interactions with auser, likewise described in greater detail herein. Skilled practitionersof the art will recognize that many such embodiments are possible.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention.

FIGS. 12a and 12b are a simplified process flow diagram showing thegeneration of blockchain-associated cognitive insights by a CognitiveInference and Learning System (CILS) implemented in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. As used herein, a blockchain-associatedcognitive insight broadly refers to a cognitive insight that isgenerated at least in part through the use of blockchain data, oralternatively, provided in the form of a blockchain transaction,described in greater detail herein. As likewise used herein, blockchaindata broadly refers to any data associated with a given blockchain,whether it is related to the data structure of the blockchain as a wholeor its individual elements, the individual data elements it may contain,or its associated metadata. Likewise, blockchain data also broadlyrefers to the rules and parameters of a corresponding blockchain'soperation, the protocols related to its interaction with applicationsand other blockchains, or its corresponding Application ProgramInterface (API).

In various embodiments, insight agents use a cognitive graph, such as anapplication cognitive graph 1282, and various cognitive blockchainknowledge repositories ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278, described in greater detailherein, as their data sources to respectively generate individualblockchain-associated cognitive insights. In certain embodiments, theblockchain knowledge repositories ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278 are implementedas a cognitive graph. As used herein, an application cognitive graph1282 broadly refers to a cognitive graph that is associated with aparticular cognitive application 304. In various embodiments, differentcognitive applications 304 may interact with different applicationcognitive graphs 1282, and various cognitive blockchain knowledgerepositories ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278, to generate individualblockchain-associated cognitive insights for a user. In certainembodiments, the resulting individual blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights are then composed to generate a set of blockchain-associatedcognitive insights, which in turn is provided to a user in the form of acognitive insight summary 1248.

In various embodiments, the orchestration of the selected insight agentsis performed by the cognitive insight/learning engine 330 shown in FIGS.3 and 4 a. In certain embodiments, a subset of insight agents isselected to provide blockchain-associated cognitive insights to satisfya graph query 1244, a contextual situation, or some combination thereof.For example, it may be determined, as likewise described in greaterdetail herein, that a particular subset of insight agents may be suitedto provide a blockchain-associated cognitive insight related to aparticular user of a particular device, at a particular location, at aparticular time, for a particular purpose.

In certain embodiments, the insight agents are selected fororchestration as a result of receiving direct or indirect input data1242 from a user. In various embodiments, the direct user input data1242 may be a natural language inquiry. In certain embodiments, theindirect user input data 1242 may include the location of a user'sdevice or the purpose for which it is being used. As an example, theGeographical Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of the location of auser's mobile device may be received as indirect user input data 1242.As another example, a user may be using the integrated camera of theirmobile device to take a photograph of a location, such as a restaurant,or an item, such as a food product.

In certain embodiments, the direct or indirect user input data 1242 mayinclude personal information that can be used to identify the user. Invarious embodiments, a cognitive identity management module 1284 isimplemented to manage personal information associated with the user. Incertain embodiments, the cognitive identity management module 1284 isimplemented to manage the provision of certain personal informationassociated with the user for inclusion in a blockchain-associatedcognitive insight. In various embodiments, the cognitive identitymanagement module 1284 is implemented to interact with one or morecognitive applications 304. In certain of these embodiments, thecognitive identity management module 1284 is implemented encrypt certainpersonal information associated with a user prior to its inclusion in ablockchain-associated cognitive insight. Skilled practitioners of theart will recognize that many such embodiments are possible. Accordingly,the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent ofthe invention.

In various embodiments, blockchain-associated cognitive insightgeneration and associated feedback operations may be performed invarious phases. In this embodiment, these phases include a datalifecycle 1236 phase, a learning 1238 phase, and an application/insightcomposition 1240 phase. In the data lifecycle 1236 phase, aninstantiation of a cognitive platform 1210 sources social data 1212,public data 1214, device data 1216, proprietary data 1218, andblockchain data 1219 from various sources 1234 as described in greaterdetail herein. In various embodiments, an example of a cognitiveplatform 1210 instantiation is the cognitive platform 310 shown in FIGS.3, 4 a, and 4 b. In this embodiment, the instantiation of a cognitiveplatform 1210 includes a source 1206 component, a process 1208component, a deliver 1211 component, a cleanse 1220 component, an enrich1222 component, a filter/transform 1224 component, and a repair/reject1226 component. Likewise, as shown in FIG. 12a , the process 1208component includes a repository of models 1228, described in greaterdetail herein.

In various embodiments, the process 1208 component is implemented toperform various blockchain-associated insight generation and otherprocessing operations described in greater detail herein. In theseembodiments, the process 1208 component is implemented to interact withthe source 1206 component, which in turn is implemented to performvarious data sourcing operations described in greater detail herein. Invarious embodiments, the sourcing operations are performed by one ormore sourcing agents, as likewise described in greater detail herein.The resulting sourced data is then provided to the process 1208component. In turn, the process 1208 component is implemented tointeract with the cleanse 1220 component, which is implemented toperform various data cleansing operations familiar to those of skill inthe art. As an example, the cleanse 1220 component may perform datanormalization or pruning operations, likewise known to skilledpractitioners of the art. In certain embodiments, the cleanse 1220component may be implemented to interact with the repair/reject 1226component, which in turn is implemented to perform various data repairor data rejection operations known to those of skill in the art.

Once data cleansing, repair and rejection operations are completed, theprocess 1208 component is implemented to interact with the enrich 1222component, which is implemented in various embodiments to performvarious data enrichment operations described in greater detail herein.Once data enrichment operations have been completed, the process 1208component is likewise implemented to interact with the filter/transform1224 component, which in turn is implemented to perform data filteringand transformation operations described in greater detail herein.

In various embodiments, the process 1208 component is implemented togenerate various models, described in greater detail herein, which arestored in the repository of models 1228. The process 1208 component islikewise implemented in various embodiments to use the sourced data togenerate one or more cognitive graphs, such as an application cognitivegraph 1282 and the repository of cognitive blockchain knowledge ‘1’through ‘n’ 1278, as likewise described in greater detail herein. Invarious embodiments, the process 1208 component is implemented to gainan understanding of the data sourced from the sources of social data1212, public data 1214, device data 1216, proprietary data 1218, andblockchain data 1219, which assist in the automated generation of theapplication cognitive graph 1282 and the repository of cognitiveblockchain knowledge ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278.

The process 1208 component is likewise implemented in variousembodiments to perform bridging 1246 operations, described in greaterdetail herein, to access the application cognitive graph 1282 and therepository of cognitive blockchain knowledge ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278. Incertain embodiments, the bridging 1246 operations are performed bybridging agents, likewise described in greater detail herein. In variousembodiments, the application cognitive graph 1282 and the repository ofcognitive blockchain knowledge ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278 is accessed by theprocess 1208 component during the learn 1238 phase of theblockchain-associated cognitive insight generation operations.

In various embodiments, a cognitive application 304 is implemented toreceive input data associated with an individual user or a group ofusers. In these embodiments, the input data may be direct, such as auser query or mouse click, or indirect, such as the current time orGeographical Positioning System (GPS) data received from a mobile deviceassociated with a user. In various embodiments, the indirect input datamay include contextual data, described in greater detail herein. Once itis received, the input data 1242 is then submitted by the cognitiveapplication 304 to a graph query engine 326 during theapplication/insight composition 1240 phase. In various embodiments, aninferred learning style, described in greater detail herein, isimplemented by the CILS to perform cognitive learning operation. Incertain embodiments, the CILS is likewise implemented to interpret theresults of the cognitive learning operations such that they areconsumable by a recipient, and by extension, present them in a form thatthis actionable in act 1170 phase. In various embodiments, the act 1170phase is implemented to support an interaction 950, described in greaterdetail herein.

The submitted input data 1242 is then processed by the graph queryengine 326 to generate a graph query 1244, as described in greaterdetail herein. The graph query 1244 is then used to query theapplication cognitive graph 1282, which results in the generation of oneor more blockchain-associated cognitive insights, likewise described ingreater detail herein. In certain embodiments, the graph query 1244 usesknowledge elements stored in the universal knowledge repository 1280 andthe repository of cognitive blockchain knowledge ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278when querying the application cognitive graph 1282 to generate the oneor more blockchain-associated cognitive insights.

In various embodiments, the graph query 1244 results in the selection ofa cognitive persona from a repository of cognitive personas ‘1’ through‘n’ 1272, according to a set of contextual information associated with auser. As used herein, a cognitive persona broadly refers to an archetypeuser model that represents a common set of attributes associated with ahypothesized group of users. In various embodiments, the common set ofattributes may be described through the use of demographic, geographic,psychographic, behavioristic, and other information. As an example, thedemographic information may include age brackets (e.g., 25 to 34 yearsold), gender, marital status (e.g., single, married, divorced, etc.),family size, income brackets, occupational classifications, educationalachievement, and so forth. Likewise, the geographic information mayinclude the cognitive persona's typical living and working locations(e.g., rural, semi-rural, suburban, urban, etc.) as well ascharacteristics associated with individual locations (e.g., parochial,cosmopolitan, population density, etc.).

The psychographic information may likewise include information relatedto social class (e.g., upper, middle, lower, etc.), lifestyle (e.g.,active, healthy, sedentary, reclusive, etc.), interests (e.g., music,art, sports, etc.), and activities (e.g., hobbies, travel, going tomovies or the theatre, etc.). Other psychographic information may berelated to opinions, attitudes (e.g., conservative, liberal, etc.),preferences, motivations (e.g., living sustainably, exploring newlocations, etc.), and personality characteristics (e.g., extroverted,introverted, etc.) Likewise, the behavioristic information may includeinformation related to knowledge and attitude towards variousmanufacturers or organizations and the products or services they mayprovide.

In various embodiments, one or more cognitive personas may be associatedwith a user. In certain embodiments, a cognitive persona is selected andthen used by a CILS to generate one or more blockchain-associatedcognitive insights as described in greater detail herein. In theseembodiments, the blockchain-associated cognitive insights that aregenerated for a user as a result of using a first cognitive persona maybe different than the blockchain-associated cognitive insights that aregenerated as a result of using a second cognitive persona.

In various embodiments, provision of the blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights results in the CILS receiving feedback 1762 data from variousindividual users and other sources, such as a cognitive application 304.In one embodiment, the feedback 1762 data is used to revise or modifythe cognitive persona. In another embodiment, the feedback 1762 data isused to create a new cognitive persona. In yet another embodiment, thefeedback 1762 data is used to create one or more associated cognitivepersonas, which inherit a common set of attributes from a sourcecognitive persona. In one embodiment, the feedback 1762 data is used tocreate a new cognitive persona that combines attributes from two or moresource cognitive personas. In another embodiment, the feedback 1762 datais used to create a cognitive profile, described in greater detailherein, based upon the cognitive persona. Those of skill in the art willrealize that many such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention.

In certain embodiments, the universal knowledge repository 1280 includesthe repository of personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272. In various embodiments,a repository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1274 is included inthe repository of personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272. In certain embodiments,the universal knowledge repository 1280 may contain a repository ofsession graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252. In various embodiments, theuniversal knowledge repository 1280 may contain the repository ofcognitive blockchain knowledge ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278. In certainembodiments, the repository of personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272, therepository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1274, and therepository of cognitive blockchain knowledge ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278 areimplemented as cognitive graphs.

In various embodiments, individual nodes within cognitive personasstored in the repository of personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272 are linked1254 to corresponding nodes in the universal knowledge repository 1280.In certain embodiments, individual nodes within cognitive personasstored in the repository of personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272 are linked1254 to corresponding nodes in the repository of cognitive profiles ‘1’through ‘n’ 1274. In various embodiments, individual nodes within therepository of personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272, and individual nodes withinthe cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1274, are linked 1254 tocorresponding nodes in the repository of cognitive blockchain knowledge‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278. In certain embodiments, individual nodes withinthe repository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1274 are linked1254 to corresponding nodes within the universal knowledge repository1280, which are likewise linked 1254 to corresponding nodes within thecognitive application graph 1282.

As used herein, contextual information broadly refers to informationassociated with a location, a point in time, a user role, an activity, acircumstance, an interest, a desire, a perception, an objective, or acombination thereof. In various embodiments, the contextual informationis likewise used in combination with the selected cognitive persona togenerate one or more blockchain-associated cognitive insights for auser. In certain embodiments, the contextual information may likewise beused in combination with the selected cognitive persona to perform oneor more associated cognitive learning operations. In variousembodiments, the blockchain-associated cognitive insights that aregenerated for a user as a result of using a first set of contextualinformation may be different than the blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights that are generated as a result of using a second set ofcontextual information.

In one embodiment, the result of using a first set of contextualinformation in combination with the selected cognitive persona toperform an associated cognitive learning operation may be different thanthe result of using a second set of contextual information incombination with the selected cognitive persona to perform the samecognitive learning operation. In another embodiment, theblockchain-associated cognitive insights that are generated for a useras a result of using a set of contextual information with a firstcognitive persona may be different than the blockchain-associatedcognitive insights that are generated as a result of using the same setof contextual information with a second cognitive persona. In yetanother embodiment, the result of using a set of contextual informationin combination with a first cognitive persona to perform an associatedcognitive learning operation may be different than the result of usingthe same set of contextual information in combination with a secondcognitive persona to perform the same cognitive learning operation.

As an example, a user may have two associated cognitive personas,“purchasing agent” and “retail shopper,” which are respectively selectedaccording to two sets of contextual information. In this example, the“purchasing agent” cognitive persona may be selected according to afirst set of contextual information associated with the user performingbusiness purchasing activities in their office during business hours,with the objective of finding the best price for a particular commercialinventory item. Conversely, the “retail shopper” cognitive persona maybe selected according to a second set of contextual informationassociated with the user performing cognitive personal shoppingactivities in their home over a weekend, with the objective of finding adecorative item that most closely matches their current furnishings.

Those of skill in the art will realize that the blockchain-associatedcognitive insights generated as a result of combining the firstcognitive persona with the first set of contextual information willlikely be different than the blockchain-associated cognitive insightsgenerated as a result of combining the second cognitive persona with thesecond set of contextual information. Likewise, the result of acognitive learning operation that uses the first cognitive persona incombination with the first set of contextual information will likely bedifferent that the result of a cognitive learning operation that uses asecond cognitive persona in combination with a second set of contextualinformation.

In various embodiments, the graph query 1244 results in the selection ofa cognitive profile from a repository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through‘n’ 1274 according to identification information associated with a user.As used herein, a cognitive profile refers to an instance of a cognitivepersona that references personal data associated with a user. In variousembodiments, the personal data may include the user's name, address,Social Security Number (SSN), age, gender, marital status, occupation,employer, income, education, skills, knowledge, interests, preferences,likes and dislikes, goals and plans, and so forth. In certainembodiments, the personal data may include data associated with theuser's interaction with a CILS, various public and blockchains, such asthose shown in FIG. 9, and related blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights that are generated and provided to the user.

In various embodiments, the personal data may be distributed. In certainof these embodiments, subsets of the distributed personal data may belogically aggregated to generate one or more blockchain-associatedcognitive profiles, each of which is associated with the user. Invarious embodiments, the user's interaction with a CILS may be providedto the CILS as feedback 1762 data. Skilled practitioners of the art willrecognize that many such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention.

In various embodiments, a cognitive persona or cognitive profile isdefined by a first set of nodes in a weighted cognitive graph. In theseembodiments, the cognitive persona or cognitive profile is furtherdefined by a set of attributes that are respectively associated with aset of corresponding nodes in the weighted cognitive graph. In variousembodiments, an attribute weight is used to represent a relevance valuebetween two attributes. For example, a higher numeric value (e.g.,‘5.0’) associated with an attribute weight may indicate a higher degreeof relevance between two attributes, while a lower numeric value (e.g.,‘0.5’) may indicate a lower degree of relevance.

In various embodiments, the numeric value associated with attributeweights may change as a result of the performance ofblockchain-associated cognitive insight and feedback 1762 operationsdescribed in greater detail herein. In one embodiment, the changednumeric values associated with the attribute weights may be used tomodify an existing cognitive persona or cognitive profile. In anotherembodiment, the changed numeric values associated with the attributeweights may be used to generate a new cognitive persona or cognitiveprofile. In these embodiments, a cognitive profile is selected and thenused by a CILS to generate one or more blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights for the user as described in greater detail herein. In certainof these embodiments, the selected cognitive profile provides a basisfor adaptive changes to the CILS, and by extension, theblockchain-associated cognitive insights it generates. In variousembodiments, a cognitive profile may likewise by selected and then usedby a CILS to perform one or more cognitive learning operations asdescribed in greater detail herein. In certain of these embodiments, theresults of the one or more cognitive learning operations may likewiseprovide a basis for adaptive changes to the CILS, and by extension, theblockchain-associated cognitive insights it generates.

In various embodiments, provision of the blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights results in the CILS receiving feedback 1262 information relatedto an individual user. In one embodiment, the feedback 1262 informationis used to revise or modify a cognitive persona. In another embodiment,the feedback 1262 information is used to revise or modify a cognitiveprofile associated with a user. In yet another embodiment, the feedback1262 information is used to create a new cognitive profile, which inturn is stored in the repository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’1274. In still yet another embodiment, the feedback 1262 information isused to create one or more associated cognitive profiles, which inherita common set of attributes from a source cognitive profile. In anotherembodiment, the feedback 1262 information is used to create a newcognitive profile that combines attributes from two or more sourcecognitive profiles. In various embodiments, these persona and profilemanagement operations 1276 are performed through interactions betweenthe cognitive application 304, the cognitive identity management module1284, the repository of cognitive personas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272, therepository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1274, the repository ofcognitive blockchain knowledge ‘a’ through ‘n’ 1278, repository ofcognitive session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252, the universal knowledgerepository 1280, or some combination thereof.

In various embodiments, the feedback 1262 is generated as a result of aninteraction 950. In various embodiments, the interaction 950 may bebetween any combination of devices, applications, services, processes,or users. In certain embodiments, the interaction 950 may be explicitlyor implicitly initiated by the provision of input data to the devices,applications, services, processes or users. In various embodiments, theinput data may be provided in response to a blockchain-associatedcognitive insight provided by a CILS. In one embodiment, the input datamay include a user gesture, such as a key stroke, mouse click, fingerswipe, or eye movement. In another embodiment, the input data mayinclude a voice command from a user.

In yet another embodiment, the input data may include data associatedwith a user, such as biometric data (e.g., retina scan, fingerprint,body temperature, pulse rate, etc.). In yet still another embodiment,the input data may include environmental data (e.g., currenttemperature, etc.), location data (e.g., geographical positioning systemcoordinates, etc.), device data (e.g., telemetry data, etc.), or otherdata provided by a device, application, service, process or user. Inthese embodiments, the feedback 1262 may be used to perform variouscognitive learning operations, the results of which are used to update acognitive persona or profile associated with a user. Those of skill inthe art will realize that many such embodiments are possible.Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope orintent of the invention.

In various embodiments, a cognitive profile associated with a user maybe either static or dynamic. As used herein, a static cognitive profilerefers to a cognitive profile that contains identification informationassociated with a user that changes on an infrequent basis. As anexample, a user's name, Social Security Number (SSN), or passport numbermay not change, although their age, address or employer may change overtime. To continue the example, the user may likewise have a variety offinancial account identifiers and various travel awards programidentifiers which change infrequently.

As likewise used herein, a dynamic cognitive profile refers to acognitive profile that contains information associated with a user thatchanges on a dynamic basis. For example, a user's interests andactivities may evolve over time, which may be evidenced by associatedinteractions 950 with the CILS. In various embodiments, theseinteractions 950 result in the provision of variousblockchain-associated cognitive insights to the user. In certainembodiments, these interactions 950 may likewise be used to perform oneor more associated cognitive learning operations, the results of whichmay in turn be used to generate a particular blockchain-associatedcognitive insight. In these embodiments, the user's interactions 950with the CILS, and the resulting blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights that are generated, are used to update the dynamic cognitiveprofile on an ongoing basis to provide an up-to-date representation ofthe user in the context of the cognitive profile used to generate theblockchain-associated cognitive insights.

In various embodiments, a cognitive profile, whether static or dynamic,is selected from the repository of cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’1774 according to a set of contextual information associated with auser. In certain embodiments, the contextual information is likewiseused in combination with the selected cognitive profile to generate oneor more blockchain-associated cognitive insights for the user. Invarious embodiments, the contextual information may likewise be used incombination with the selected cognitive profile to perform one or moreassociated cognitive learning operations. In one embodiment, theblockchain-associated cognitive insights that are generated as a resultof using a first set of contextual information in combination with theselected cognitive profile may be different than theblockchain-associated cognitive insights that are generated as a resultof using a second set of contextual information with the same cognitiveprofile. In another embodiment, the result of using a first set ofcontextual information in combination with the selected cognitiveprofile to perform an associated cognitive learning operation may bedifferent than the result of using a second set of contextualinformation in combination with the selected cognitive profile toperform the same cognitive learning operation.

In various embodiments, one or more cognitive profiles may be associatedwith a user. In certain embodiments, the blockchain-associated cognitiveinsights that are generated for a user as a result of using a set ofcontextual information with a first cognitive profile may be differentthan the blockchain-associated cognitive insights that are generated asa result of using the same set of contextual information with a secondcognitive profile. In one embodiment, the result of using a set ofcontextual information in combination with a first cognitive profile toperform an associated cognitive learning operation may be different thanthe result of using the same set of contextual information incombination with a second cognitive profile to perform the samecognitive learning operation.

As an example, a user may have two associated cognitive profiles,“runner” and “foodie,” which are respectively selected according to twosets of contextual information. In this example, the “runner” cognitiveprofile may be selected according to a first set of contextualinformation associated with the user being out of town on businesstravel and wanting to find a convenient place to run close to where theyare staying. To continue this example, the contextual information may bebooking and payment information contained within a blockchaintransaction associated with the user. To further continue this example,two blockchain-associated cognitive insights may be generated andprovided to the user in the form of a cognitive insight summary 1248.The first may be suggesting a running trail the user has used before andliked, but needs directions to find again. The second may be suggestinga new running trail that is equally convenient, but wasn't available thelast time the user was in town.

Conversely, the “foodie” cognitive profile may be selected according toa second set of contextual information associated with the user being athome and expressing an interest in trying either a new restaurant or aninnovative cuisine. In furtherance of this example, the user's “foodie”cognitive profile may be processed by the CILS to determine whichrestaurants and cuisines the user has tried in the last eighteen months.In this example, the contextual information may be ordering and paymentinformation contained in various blockchain transactions associated withthe user. As a result, two blockchain-associated cognitive insights maybe generated and provided to the user in the form of a cognitive insightsummary 1248. The first may be a suggestion for a new restaurant that isserving a cuisine the user has enjoyed in the past, as well as acorresponding promotional offer in the form of a smart contract forordering online or physical presentment through the use of a mobiledevice. The second may be a suggestion for a restaurant familiar to theuser that includes a promotional offer, likewise in the form of a smartcontract, for a seasonal menu featuring Asian fusion dishes the user hasnot tried before.

Those of skill in the art will realize that the blockchain-associatedcognitive insights generated as a result of combining the firstcognitive profile with the first set of contextual information willlikely be different than the blockchain-associated cognitive insightsgenerated as a result of combining the second cognitive profile with thesecond set of contextual information. Likewise, the result of acognitive learning operation that uses the first cognitive profile incombination with the first set of contextual information will likely bedifferent that the result of a cognitive learning operation that uses asecond cognitive profile in combination with a second set of contextualinformation.

In various embodiments, a user's cognitive profile, whether static ordynamic, may reference data that is proprietary to the user, a group, anorganization, or some combination thereof. As used herein, proprietarydata broadly refers to data that is owned, controlled, or a combinationthereof, by an individual user, group, or organization, which is deemedimportant enough that it gives competitive advantage to that individualor organization. In certain embodiments, the organization may be agovernmental, non-profit, academic or social entity, a manufacturer, awholesaler, a retailer, a service provider, an operator of a cognitiveinference and learning system (CILS), and others.

In various embodiments, an organization may or may not grant a user theright to obtain a copy of certain proprietary information referenced bytheir cognitive profile. In certain embodiments, access to theproprietary information may be controlled through the implementation ofa cognitive identity management module 1284. In various embodiments, afirst organization may or may not grant a user the right to obtain acopy of certain proprietary information referenced by their cognitiveprofile and provide it to a second organization. As an example, the usermay not be granted the right to provide travel detail information (e.g.,travel dates and destinations, etc.) associated with an awards programprovided by a first travel services provider (e.g., an airline, a hotelchain, a cruise ship line, etc.) to a second travel services provider.In various embodiments, the user may or may not grant a firstorganization the right to provide a copy of certain proprietaryinformation referenced by their cognitive profile to a secondorganization. Those of skill in the art will recognize that many suchembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the foregoing is not intended tolimit the spirit, scope or intent of the invention.

In various embodiments, a set of contextually-related interactionsbetween a cognitive application 304 and the application cognitive graph1282 are represented as a corresponding set of nodes in a cognitivesession graph, which is then stored in a repository of cognitive sessiongraphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252. As used herein, a cognitive session graphbroadly refers to a cognitive graph whose nodes are associated with acognitive session. As used herein, a cognitive session broadly refers toa user, group of users, theme, topic, issue, question, intent, goal,objective, task, assignment, process, situation, requirement, condition,responsibility, location, period of time, a block in a blockchain, ablockchain transaction associated with a blockchain block, or anycombination thereof. In various embodiments, the results of a cognitivelearning operation, described in greater detail herein, may be stored ina session graph.

In certain embodiments, a cognitive session graph is used in combinationwith data associated with one or more blockchains to generate ablockchain-associated cognitive insight for a user. As an example, theapplication cognitive graph 1282 may be unaware of a particular user'spreferences, which are likely stored in a corresponding user profile. Tofurther the example, a user may typically choose a particular brand ormanufacturer when shopping for a given type of product, such ascookware, thereby indicating their preferences. A record of each queryregarding that brand of cookware, or its selection, is iterativelystored in a session graph that is associated with the user and stored ina repository of session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252. Continuing theexample further, a blockchain-associated cognitive insight, each ofwhich includes a promotional offer relevant to the preferred brand ofcookware, is generated and provided to the user. As a result, thepreference of that brand of cookware is ranked higher, and ablockchain-associated cognitive insight containing promotional offer forthat brand of cookware is presented in response to thecontextually-related queries, even when the preferred brand of cookwareis not explicitly referenced by the user. To continue the example, theuser may make a number of queries over a period of days or weeks.However, the queries, and their corresponding blockchain-associatedcognitive insights, are associated with the same cognitive session graphthat is associated with the user. Furthermore, the queries and theircorresponding blockchain-associated cognitive insights are respectivelystored in the repository of session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252 and therepository of cognitive blockchain knowledge ‘a’ through ‘n’ 1278,regardless of when each query is made. In this example, the record ofeach query, and their corresponding blockchain-associated cognitiveinsight, is used to perform an associated cognitive learning operation,the results of which may be stored in an associated session graph.

As another example, a user may submit a query to a cognitive application304 during business hours to find an upscale restaurant located closetheir place of business. As a result, a first cognitive session graphstored in a repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252is associated with the user's query, which results in the provision ofblockchain-associated cognitive insights related to restaurants suitablefor business meetings. To continue the example, the same user queriesthe same cognitive application 304 during the weekend to locate a casualrestaurant located close to their home. As a result, a second cognitivesession graph stored in a repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’through ‘n’ 1252 is associated with the user's query, which results inthe provision of blockchain-associated cognitive insights related torestaurants suitable for family meals. In these examples, the first andsecond cognitive session graphs are both associated with the same user,but for two different purposes, which results in the provision of twodifferent sets of blockchain-associated cognitive insights.

As yet another example, a group of customer support representatives istasked with resolving technical issues customers may have with aproduct. In this example, the product and the group of customer supportrepresentatives are collectively associated with a cognitive sessiongraph stored in a repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’1252. To continue the example, individual customer supportrepresentatives may submit queries related to the product to a cognitiveapplication 304, such as a knowledge base application. In response, acognitive session graph stored in a repository of cognitive sessiongraphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252 is used, along with cognitive blockchainknowledge repositories ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1278, the universal knowledgerepository 1280, and application cognitive graph 1282, to generateindividual blockchain-associated or composite cognitive insights toresolve a technical issue for a customer. In this example, the cognitiveapplication 304 may be queried by the individual customer supportrepresentatives at different times during some time interval, yet thesame cognitive session graph stored in a repository of cognitive sessiongraphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252 is used to generate blockchain-associatedcognitive insights related to the product. To continue the example, theblockchain-associated cognitive insight may contain computer-executablecode to deliver a problem resolution message to a particular customer.

In various embodiments, each cognitive session graph associated with auser, and stored in a repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’ through‘n’ 1252, includes one or more direct or indirect user queriesrepresented as nodes, and the time at which they were asked, which arein turn linked 1254 to nodes that appear in the application cognitivegraph 1282. In certain embodiments, each individual cognitive sessiongraph that is associated with the user and stored in a repository ofcognitive session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252 introduces edges that arenot already present in the application cognitive graph 1282. Morespecifically, each of the cognitive session graphs that is associatedwith the user and stored in a repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’through ‘n’ 1252 establishes various relationships that the applicationcognitive graph 1282 does not already have.

In various embodiments, individual cognitive profiles in the repositoryof cognitive profiles ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1274 are respectively stored assession graphs in the repository of session graphs 1252. In theseembodiments, nodes within each of the individual cognitive profiles arelinked 1254 to nodes within corresponding cognitive session graphsstored in the repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’1254. In certain embodiments, individual nodes within each of thecognitive profiles are likewise linked 1254 to corresponding nodeswithin various cognitive personas stored in the repository of cognitivepersonas ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1272.

In various embodiments, individual graph queries 1244 associated with asession graph stored in a repository of cognitive session graphs ‘1’through ‘n’ 1252 are likewise provided to insight agents to performvarious kinds of analyses. In certain embodiments, each insight agentperforms a different kind of analysis. In various embodiments, differentinsight agents may perform the same, or similar, analyses. In certainembodiments, different agents performing the same or similar analysesmay be competing between themselves.

For example, a user may be a realtor that has a young, uppermiddle-class, urban-oriented clientele that typically enjoys eating attrendy restaurants that are in walking distance of where they live. As aresult, the realtor may be interested in knowing about new or popularrestaurants that are in walking distance of their property listings thathave a young, middle-class clientele. In this example, the user'squeries may result the assignment of insight agents to perform analysisof various social media interactions to identify such restaurants thathave received favorable reviews. To continue the example, the resultingblockchain-associated insights may be provided as a ranked list ofcandidate restaurants, with associated promotional offers in the form ofsmart contracts, that may be suitable venues for the realtor to meet hisclients.

In various embodiments, the process 1208 component is implemented toprovide these blockchain-associated cognitive insights to the deliver1211 component, which in turn is implemented to deliver theblockchain-associated cognitive insights in the form of a cognitiveinsight summary 1248 to the cognitive business processes andapplications 304. In these embodiments, the cognitive platform 1210 isimplemented to interact with an insight front-end 1256 component, whichprovides a composite insight and feedback interface with the cognitiveapplication 304. In certain embodiments, the insight front-end 1256component includes an insight Application Program Interface (API) 1258and a feedback API 1260, described in greater detail herein. In theseembodiments, the insight API 1258 is implemented to convey the cognitiveinsight summary 1248 to the cognitive application 304. Likewise, thefeedback API 1260 is used to convey associated direct or indirect userfeedback 1262 to the cognitive platform 1210. In certain embodiments,the feedback API 1260 provides the direct or indirect user feedback 1262to the repository of models 1228 described in greater detail herein.

To continue the preceding example, the user may have received a list ofcandidate restaurants that may be suitable venues for meeting hisclients. However, one of his clients has a pet that they like to takewith them wherever they go. As a result, the user provides feedback 1262that he is looking for a restaurant that is pet-friendly. The providedfeedback 1262 is in turn provided to the insight agents to identifycandidate restaurants that are also pet-friendly. In this example, thefeedback 1262 is stored in the appropriate cognitive session graph 1252associated with the user and their original query.

In various embodiments, as described in the descriptive text associatedwith FIGS. 5, 10, 11 a and 11 b, cognitive learning operations areiteratively performed during the learn 1238 phase to provide moreaccurate and useful blockchain-associated cognitive insights. In certainof these embodiments, feedback 1262 received from the user is stored ina session graph that is associated with the user and stored in arepository of session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252, which is then used toprovide more accurate blockchain-associated cognitive insights inresponse to subsequent contextually-relevant queries from the user. Invarious embodiments, the feedback 1262 received from the user is used toperform cognitive learning operations, the results of which are thenstored in a session graph that is associated with the user. In theseembodiments, the session graph associated with the user is stored in arepository of session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252.

As an example, blockchain-associated cognitive insights provided by aparticular insight agent related to a first subject may not be relevantor particularly useful to a user of a cognitive application 304. As aresult, the user provides feedback 1262 to that effect, which in turn isstored in the appropriate session graph that is associated with the userand stored in a repository of session graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252.Accordingly, subsequent blockchain-associated cognitive insightsprovided by the insight agent related the first subject may be rankedlower, or not provided, within a cognitive insight summary 1248 providedto the user. Conversely, the same insight agent may provide excellentblockchain-associated cognitive insights related to a second subject,resulting in positive feedback 1262 being received from the user. Thepositive feedback 1262 is likewise stored in the appropriate sessiongraph that is associated with the user and stored in a repository ofsession graphs ‘1’ through ‘n’ 1252. As a result, subsequentblockchain-associated cognitive insights provided by the insight agentrelated to the second subject may be ranked higher within a cognitiveinsight summary 1248 provided to the user.

In various embodiments, the blockchain-associated cognitive insightsprovided in each cognitive insight summary 1248 to the cognitiveapplication 304, and corresponding feedback 1262 received from a user inreturn, is provided to an associated session graph 1252 in the form ofone or more insight streams 1264. In these and other embodiments, theinsight streams 1264 may contain information related to the user of thecognitive application 304, the time and date of the providedblockchain-associated cognitive insights and related feedback 1262, thelocation of the user, and the device used by the user.

As an example, a query related to upcoming activities that is receivedat 10:00 AM on a Saturday morning from a user's home may returnblockchain-associated cognitive insights related to entertainmentperformances scheduled for the weekend. Conversely, the same queryreceived at the same time on a Monday morning from a user's office mayreturn blockchain-associated cognitive insights related to businessfunctions scheduled during the work week. In various embodiments, theinformation contained in the insight streams 1264 is used to rank theblockchain-associated cognitive insights provided in the cognitiveinsight summary 1248. In certain embodiments, the blockchain-associatedcognitive insights are continually re-ranked as additional insightstreams 1264 are received. Skilled practitioners of the art willrecognize that many such embodiments are possible. Accordingly, theforegoing is not intended to limit the spirit, scope or intent of theinvention.

Although the present invention has been described in detail, it shouldbe understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can bemade hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventionas defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implementable method for cognitiveinformation processing comprising: receiving data from a plurality ofdata sources, the plurality of data sources comprising a blockchain datasource, the blockchain data source providing blockchain data; processingthe blockchain data to generate a plurality of knowledge elements, theprocessing being performed via a cognitive inference and learningsystem, the cognitive inference and learning system executing on ahardware processor of an information processing system and interactingwith the plurality of data sources, the cognitive inference and learningsystem comprising a cognitive platform, the cognitive platformcomprising a cognitive graph, the cognitive graph being derived from theplurality of data sources, the cognitive graph comprising an applicationcognitive graph, the application cognitive graph comprising a cognitivegraph associated with a cognitive application, interactions between thecognitive application and the application cognitive graph beingrepresented as a set of nodes in the cognitive graph, and, a cognitiveengine, the cognitive engine comprising a dataset engine, a graph queryengine and an insight/learning engine; performing a cognitive learningoperation via the cognitive inference and learning system using theblockchain data, the cognitive learning operation implementing acognitive learning technique according to a cognitive learningframework, the cognitive learning framework comprising a plurality ofcognitive learning styles and a plurality of cognitive learningcategories, each of the plurality of cognitive learning stylescomprising a generalized learning approach implemented by the cognitiveinference and learning system to perform the cognitive learningoperation, each of the plurality of cognitive learning categoriesreferring to a source of information used by the cognitive inference andlearning system when performing the cognitive learning operation, anindividual cognitive learning technique being associated with a primarycognitive learning style and bounded by an associated primary cognitivelearning category, the cognitive learning operation applying thecognitive learning technique via a machine learning algorithm togenerate a cognitive learning result; processing the blockchain data togenerate cognitive blockchain data; updating a knowledge model using thecognitive learning result, the updating being performed via thecognitive platform of the cognitive inference and learning system;storing the plurality of knowledge elements and the cognitive blockchaindata within the cognitive graph; and, processing the plurality ofknowledge elements to generate a cognitive insight associated with acompliance requirement.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: thecompliance requirement is related to at least one of a governancecompliance requirement, a regulatory compliance requirement and ananti-fraud compliance requirement.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: generating a cognitive session graph, the cognitive sessiongraph being associated with a session, the cognitive session graphcomprising at least some enriched data; and, associating a blockchainwith the cognitive session graph.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: using the blockchain data to establish an identity of anentity; and, validating legitimacy of a blockchain transaction basedupon the identity of the entity.
 5. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: validating veracity of a blockchain transaction based uponat least some of the knowledge elements and at least some of thecognitive blockchain data.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: thecognitive insight associated with the compliance requirement enables auser to perform a single step compliance operation, the single stepcompliance operation allowing the user to assure compliance via a singleinteraction with the cognitive inference and learning system; the singlestep compliance operation is tailored to a specific industry; and, thesingle interaction with the cognitive inference and learning systemgenerates an industry specific insight.